Removal of Solid Organic Films from Rotating Disks Using Emulsion Cleaners

Measurements have been made of the rate of removal of a solid organic film (phenanthrene) from the surface of a rotating disk using emulsions containing water, the nonionic surfactant Tween 20, and d-limonene as the organic phase. The results show that phenanthrene removal initially occurs by the uptake of phenanthrene into the emulsion drops as small aggregates. Simultaneously, the organic phase penetrates into the phenanthrene film, diminishing the adhesive force between the film and the substrate. After sufficient time, the phenanthrene film detaches from the rotating disk surface as a solid. This detachment mechanism accounts for the vast majority of the phenanthrene removal ( approximately 90%). Initial solubilization rates were analyzed using two solubilization models. Both models assume that phenanthrene removal occurs via a mass transfer limited removal of phenanthrene-laden emulsion drops from the phenanthrene film surface into the bulk solution. One model treats the emulsion as homogeneous while the other accounts for the finite size of the emulsion droplets. The latter model was also used to relate the flux of organic phase impacting the phenanthrene film to the detachment times. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Behavior of nitrite forms of nitrosylruthenium on extraction and back extraction of heterometalic Ru/Zn complexes with trioctylphosphine oxide

The state of ruthenium in conjugated phases upon extraction of trans-[Ru(¹⁵NO)(¹⁵NO₂)₄(OH)]^2? complex with tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in the presence of Zn²⁺ and subsequent back extraction with H¹⁵NO₃ and NH₃(concd.) solutions was studied by ¹⁵N NMR. Binuclear complexes [Ru(NO)(NO₂)_5?n (μ-NO₂) _n?1(μ-OH)Zn(TOPO) _n ] and [Ru(NO)(NO₂)_4?n (ONO)(μ-NO₂) _n?1(μ-OH)Zn(TOPO) _n ], where n = 2, 3, are predominant forms in extract. Kinetic restrictions for ruthenium extraction with TOPO solution in hexane and its back extraction with aqueous solutions of nitric acid and ammonia are eliminated in the absence of direct coordination of extractant to ruthenium. fac-Dinitronitrosyl forms [Ru(NO)(H₂O)₃(NO₂)₂]⁺, [Ru(NO)(H₂O)₂(NO₂)₂(NO₃)]⁰ (3 and 6 M HNO₃) and [Ru(NO)(H₂O)(NO₂)₂(NO₃)₂]^? (6 M HNO₃) prevail in nitric acid back extracts. Equilibrium constant at ambient temperature (0.05 ± 0.01) was assessed for the coordination of second nitrate ion to nitrosylruthenium dinitronitrato complex. Complex species [Ru(NO)(NO₂)₄(OH)]^2? and [Ru(NO)(NO₂)₃(ONO)(OH)]^2? prevail in ammonia back extract.     

Nitrosoruthenium hydroxo and aqua complexes of the trans-dipyridine series: Synthesis,structures, and characterization

A procedure for the synthesis of trans-Ru(NO)(Py)₂Cl₂(OH) (I) from K₂[Ru(NO)Cl₅] was proposed. Treatment of hydroxo complex I with HCl or H₂SO₄ at room temperature gave the corresponding salts trans-[Ru(NO)(Py)₂Cl₂(H₂O)]Cl · 2H₂O (II) and trans-[Ru(NO)(Py)₂Cl₂(H₂O)]HSO₄ (III). All the complexes obtained were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis; their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The structures are stabilized by π-stacking between the pyridine ligands of adjacent complex species.     

XRD and EXAFS study of nitrato ammine complexes of nitrosyl ruthenium

The structure of trans-[RuNO(NH₃)₄(H₂O)](NO₃)₃ (I) and trans-[RuNO(NH₃)₄(NO₃)](NO₃)₂ (II) was determined by XRD. Crystallographic data are as follows: space group I4₁/a; a = b = 18.280(1) Å, c = 15.129(1) Å, R = 0.0244 (I), and space group Cm, a = 11.5620(3) Å, b = 7.9934(2) Å, c = 7.7864(2) Å, β = 127.124(1)°, R = 0.0139 (II). Interatomic distances for complex particles of fac- and mer- [RuNO(NH₃)₂(NO₃)₃] (III and IV, respectively) were determined by EXAFS.     

新疆区域农业品牌价值最大化及其评价指标与模型

基于对区域农业品牌和新疆区域农业品牌发展的研究综述,应用产品整体概念理论探讨了新疆农产品多层面产品要素的品牌化和综合品牌价值最大化,分析了支撑新疆农产品品牌价值最大化的产业链管理与创新,构建了新疆农业品牌价值最大化评价指标体系,并请新疆的11位农业专家进行评分,应用AHP方法得到了各指标的权重,构建了定量评价模型,以库尔勒香梨为案例,应用模糊综合评价方法测度了特定农产品品种的区域品牌价值,明确了新疆区域农业品牌发展面临的薄弱环节,为新疆政府和企业的品牌农业决策提供了理论依据.     

Electrical strength of a polymer for linearly increasing voltages

The breakdown strength E_b has been related to the rate of increase in the field strength for thin films of polyethylene terephthalate (3.0 m), polycarbonate (3.5 m), and phenylone (5.5 m). A voltage constant in sign and varying linearly in time was used with sphere — sphere electrodes in capacitor oil. The effects from partial discharges are slight under these conditions. E_b, increases linearly with In for all the polymers below room temperature. The measurements are compared with the calculated E_b() derived from Bailey's criterion and the assumption that the electrical ageing rate is related to the macromolecule breakage rate in the field. There is good agreement between theory and experiment. The parameters defining the failure kinetics have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 86–90, April, 1988.     

Nitrosoruthenium nitrite-nitrate complexes in aqueous and nitric acid solutions as probed by 15N NMR

Aqueous and nitric acid solutions of Na₂[Ru¹⁵NO(¹⁵NO₂)₄OH] in the concentration range $c_{H^{15} NO_3 }$ = 0–3.3 mol/L have been studied by ¹⁵N NMR, dominating complex species have been identified, and the equilibrium constants for the nitrate ion incorporation into the inner coordination sphere of nitrosoruthenium have been estimated. The equilibration time for such equilibria is no more than 2 h at room temperature. In addition to the nitro complexes, isomeric nitritonitronitrosoruthenium compounds have been identified in solutions. In weak acidic solutions at $c_{HNO_3 }$ < 0.25 mol/L, nitro and nitritonitro complexes containing four and three coordinated nitrite ions predominate. At the HNO₃ concentration 0.4–1.7 mol/L, the vast majority of ruthenium presents in solution as fac-dinitronitrosoruthenium complexes containing coordinated water molecules and nitrate ions. In solutions with $c_{HNO_3 }$ > 1.5 mol/L, the fractions of dinitro- and mononitronitrosoruthenium complexes are comparable. In strong nitric acid solutions ( $c_{H^{15} NO_3 }$ = 10 mol/L) kept for three years in contact with air, nitro complexes are absent, and mononitrato- and dinitratoaquanitrosoruthenium complexes are dominating.     

The Chern‐Simons Current in Systems of DNA‐RNA Transcriptions

A Chern‐Simons current, coming from ghost and anti‐ghost fields of supersymmetry theory, can be used to define a spectrum of gene expression in new time series data where a spinor field, as alternative representation of a gene, is adopted instead of using the standard alphabet sequence of bases . After a general discussion on the use of supersymmetry in biological systems, we give examples of the use of supersymmetry for living organism, discuss the codon and anti‐codon ghost fields and develop an algebraic construction for the trash DNA, the DNA area which does not seem active in biological systems. As a general result, all hidden states of codon can be computed by Chern‐Simons 3 forms. Finally, we plot a time series of genetic variations of viral glycoprotein gene and host T‐cell receptor gene by using a gene tensor correlation network related to the Chern‐Simons current. An empirical analysis of genetic shift, in host cell receptor genes with separated cluster of gene and genetic drift in viral gene, is obtained by using a tensor correlation plot over time series data derived as the empirical mode decomposition of Chern‐Simons current.     

Studying the ejection of light charged particles induced by 50 MeV <Superscript>3</Superscript>He ions upon interacting with a <Superscript>112</Superscript>Sn nucleus

Experimental double-differential and integral spectra of (³He, xp), (³He, xd), (³He, xt), (³He, x³He) and (³He, xα) reactions on ¹¹²Sn nuclei induced by 50 MeV 3He ions are presented. Theoretical calculations of the experimental inclusive spectra of the reactions are performed using the exciton model of preequilibrium decay. The corresponding mechanisms of reactions are determined. The experimental results can be used to develop new approaches in the theory of nuclear reactions, and to design safe and wasteless hybrid nuclear power plants.