Game theory and the tennessee valley authority

The problem of fair allocation of joint costs was considered by the TVA in the 1930's, in relation to apportioning costs of dam systems among participatory uses. Methods proposed to solve this problem foreshadowed various game theory solution concepts including the core, a special case of the nucleolus, and the imputation which minimizes the maximum propensity to disrupt. A method equivalent to the latter, but with a different rationale, is now in standard use among water resource engineers.     

Photo-oxidation of unsaturated ferrocenyl-substituted carboxylic acids

In aqueous solution (pH 9) containing N₂O, the unsaturated acids $\text{trans}$-FcCHCH(CH₂)nCO₂H (n = 0 and 1) and FcCCCO₂H each undergo photo-oxidation, upon illumination with u.v. light of wavelength 240-250 nm, giving dipolar ferricenium species which may be chemically reduced back to the original acids. The mechanism of photo-oxidation, which is inhibited by ethanol, appears to be similar to that previously proposed for saturated ω-ferrocenylalkanoic acids.     

Photochemically induced electron transfer from [3]ferrocenophanylbutanoate anions

The anions of 4-([3]ferrocenophanyl)butanoic acids (Id and IId), when excited by light of around 240 nm wavelength in aqueous solution in the presence of N₂O, undergo photo-oxidation to zwitterions (III and IV respectively) in a manner completely analogous to the reaction of 4-ferrocenylbutanoate anion. The differences in the kinetic parameters of the reactions are thought to be attributable in part to slight tilting of the cyclopentadienyl rings caused by the connecting trimethylene bridge.     

Asymmetric epoxidation of cis-alkenes mediated by iminium salts: highly enantioselective synthesis of levcromakalim

[reaction: see text] A range of cis-substituted olefins has been epoxidized with a new dihydroisoquinolinium salt catalyst, using tetraphenylphosphonium monoperoxysulfate as the stoichiometric oxidant, giving ee's of up to 97%. The reaction has been used as the key step in an enantioselective synthesis of the antihypertensive agent levcromakalim.     

A phase I, randomized study of combined IL-2 and therapeutic immunisation with antiretroviral therapy

Background  

Fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses are vital to the containment of viral activity and disease progression. These responses are lacking in HIV-1-infected patients with progressive disease. We attempted to augment fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses in patients with advanced chronic HIV-1 infection.     

Causal Intuition and Delayed-Choice Experiments

The conventional explanation of delayed-choice experiments appears to violate our causal intuition at the quantum level. I reanalyze these experiments using time-reversed and time-symmetric formulations of quantum mechanics. The time-reversed formulation does not give the same experimental predictions. The time-symmetric formulation gives the same experimental predictions but actually violates our causal intuition at the quantum level. I explore the reasons why our causal intuition may be wrong at the quantum level, suggest how conventional causation might be recovered in the classical limit, propose a quantum analog to the classical block universe viewpoint, and speculate on implications of the time-symmetric formulation for cosmological boundary conditions.     

A Time-Symmetric Formulation of Quantum Entanglement

I numerically simulate and compare the entanglement of two quanta using the conventional formulation of quantum mechanics and a time-symmetric formulation that has no collapse postulate. The experimental predictions of the two formulations are identical, but the entanglement predictions are significantly different. The time-symmetric formulation reveals an experimentally testable discrepancy in the original quantum analysis of the Hanbury Brown–Twiss experiment, suggests solutions to some parts of the nonlocality and measurement problems, fixes known time asymmetries in the conventional formulation, and answers Bell’s question “How do you convert an ’and’ into an ’or’?”     

Microwave-assisted highly diastereoselective synthesis of oxazolidines derived from ketones and aminoalcohols

A number of oxazolidines derived from ketones and aminoalcohols have been prepared in excellent yields using microwave irradiation. In most cases, conventional reflux failed to provide any of the desired products.