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Studies are described on the phase I and II metabolism and the toxicological analysis of the piperazine-derived designer drug 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) in rat urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The identified metabolites indicated that TFMPP was extensively metabolized, mainly by hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and by degradation of the piperazine moiety to N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylenediamine, N-(hydroxy-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylenediamine, 3-trifluoromethylaniline, and hydroxy-3-trifluoromethylaniline. Phase II reactions included glucuronidation, sulfatation and acetylation of phase I metabolites. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted acetylation allowed the detection of TFMPP and its above-mentioned metabolites in rat urine after single administration of a dose calculated from the doses commonly taken by drug users. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure should be suitable for proof of an intake of TFMPP in human urine. 相似文献
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Sauer C Peters FT Staack RF Fritschi G Maurer HH 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2008,43(3):305-316
Studies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the phencyclidine-derived designer drugs N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine (PCEEA) and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine (PCMEA) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) techniques. The identified metabolites indicated that PCEEA and PCMEA were transformed to the same metabolites by N-dealkylation and O-dealkylation partially followed by oxidation of the resulting alcohol to the respective carboxylic acid and hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring at different positions and combinations of those. Finally, aromatic hydroxylation of the O-dealkylated metabolites was partially followed by hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl ring at different positions. All metabolites were partially excreted in conjugated form. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted acetylation allowed the detection of an intake of a common drug users' dose both of PCEEA and PCMEA in rat urine. Assuming similar metabolism in humans, the STA should be suitable for proof of an intake of PCEEA and PCMEA in human urine, although their differentiation is not possible due to common metabolites. 相似文献
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Isolation and Total Synthesis of Kirkamide,an Aminocyclitol from an Obligate Leaf Nodule Symbiont 下载免费PDF全文
Simon Sieber Dr. Aurélien Carlier Dr. Markus Neuburger Dr. Giselher Grabenweger Prof. Leo Eberl Prof. Dr. Karl Gademann 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(27):7968-7970
The new C7N aminocyclitol kirkamide ( 1 ) was isolated from leaf nodules of the plant Psychotria kirkii by using a genome‐driven 1H NMR‐guided fractionation approach. The structure and absolute configuration were elucidated by HRMS, NMR, and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. An enantioselective total synthesis was developed, which delivered kirkamide ( 1 ) on a gram scale in 11 steps and features a Ferrier carbocyclization and a Pd‐mediated hydroxymethylation. We propose that kirkamide is synthesized by Candidatus Burkholderia kirkii, the obligate leaf symbiont of Psychotria kirkii. Kirkamide ( 1 ) was shown to be toxic to aquatic arthropods and insects, thus suggesting that bacterial secondary metabolites play a protective role in the Psychotria/Burkholderia leaf nodule symbiosis. 相似文献
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The soft magnetic properties and the domain patterns of optimized nanocrystalline FeCuNbSiB-alloys are typically comparable to those of highly permeable Co-based amorphous alloys. Yet the nanocrystalline alloys show some specific peculiarities absent in the amorphous case. The most prominent example is patchy magnetization patterns which reflect the residual contribution of the averaged random magneto-crystalline anisotropy to the magnetization process. The article surveys the typical characteristics and the consequences for the magnetization process. 相似文献
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Isotope-labelling exchange experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetic stability of Cr(III) complexes with humic
substances (HS). To compare the results with those of an ion, not expected to form kinetically stable HS complexes with respect
to its electron configuration, Cu(II) was investigated under the same conditions. HS solutions of different origin were therefore
spiked with 53Cr(III) or 65Cu(II) after saturation of HS with chromium and copper of natural isotopic composition. In fractions of metal/HS complexes
with different molecular weight, obtained by ultrafiltration and HPLC/ICP-MS using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), respectively,
the isotope ratios of chromium and copper were determined by ICP and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Distinct differences
in the isotopic composition of chromium were found in the permeate of the ultrafiltration compared with the corresponding
unseparated solution, which indicates kinetically stable Cr(III)/HS complexes. On the other hand, the copper isotopic composition
was identical in the permeate and the unseparated solution, which shows that a total exchange of Cu2+ ions took place between free and HS complexed copper ions. The SEC/ ICP-MS experiments also resulted in a different isotopic
distribution of chromium in the chromatographically separated complexes whereas the copper complexes, separated by SEC, showed
identical isotopic composition. The kinetic stability of Cr(III)/HS complexes could be explained by the d3 electron configuration of Cr3+ ions, a fact which is well known from classical Cr(III) complexes, and influences substantially the mobility of this heavy
metal in the environment.
Received: 7 December 1998 / Revised: 25 March 1999 / Accepted: 27 March 1999 相似文献
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Studies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological detection of the amphetamine-derived designer drug 2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA-2) in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) techniques. The identified metabolites indicated that TMA-2 was metabolized by oxidative deamination to the corresponding ketone followed by reduction to the corresponding alcohol, O-demethylation followed by oxidative deamination, and finally O,O-bis-demethylation. All metabolites carrying hydroxy groups were found to be partly excreted in urine as glucuronides and/or sulfates. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and microwave-assisted acetylation allowed the detection, in rat urine, of an intake of TMA-2 that corresponds to a common drug users' dose. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure in human urine should be suitable as proof of an intake of TMA-2. 相似文献
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Isotope-labelling exchange experiments were carried out to investigate the kinetic stability of Cr(III) complexes with humic substances (HS). To compare the results with those of an ion, not expected to form kinetically stable HS complexes with respect to its electron configuration, Cu(II) was investigated under the same conditions. HS solutions of different origin were therefore spiked with 53Cr(III) or 65Cu(II) after saturation of HS with chromium and copper of natural isotopic composition. In fractions of metal/HS complexes with different molecular weight, obtained by ultrafiltration and HPLC/ICP-MS using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), respectively, the isotope ratios of chromium and copper were determined by ICP and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Distinct differences in the isotopic composition of chromium were found in the permeate of the ultrafiltration compared with the corresponding unseparated solution, which indicates kinetically stable Cr(III)/HS complexes. On the other hand, the copper isotopic composition was identical in the permeate and the unseparated solution, which shows that a total exchange of Cu2+ ions took place between free and HS complexed copper ions. The SEC/ ICP-MS experiments also resulted in a different isotopic distribution of chromium in the chromatographically separated complexes whereas the copper complexes, separated by SEC, showed identical isotopic composition. The kinetic stability of Cr(III)/HS complexes could be explained by the d3 electron configuration of Cr3+ ions, a fact which is well known from classical Cr(III) complexes, and influences substantially the mobility of this heavy metal in the environment. 相似文献
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