Numerical analysis of turbulent structure in compound meandering open channel by algebraic Reynolds stress model

The turbulent flow in a compound meandering channel with a rectangular cross section is one of the most complicated turbulent flows, because the flow behaviour is influenced by several kinds of forces, including centrifugal forces, pressure‐driven forces and shear stresses generated by momentum transfer between the main channel and the flood plain. Numerical analysis has been performed for the fully developed turbulent flow in a compound meandering open‐channel flow using an algebraic Reynolds stress model. The boundary‐fitted coordinate system is introduced as a method for coordinate transformation in order to set the boundary conditions along the complicated shape of the meandering open channel. The turbulence model consists of transport equations for turbulent energy and dissipation, in conjunction with an algebraic stress model based on the Reynolds stress transport equations. With reference to the pressure–strain term, we have made use of a modified pressure–strain term. The boundary condition of the fluctuating vertical velocity is set to zero not only for the free surface, but also for computational grid points next to the free surface, because experimental results have shown that the fluctuating vertical velocity approaches zero near the free surface. In order to examine the validity of the present numerical method and the turbulent model, the calculated results are compared with experimental data measured by laser Doppler anemometer. In addition, the compound meandering open channel is clarified somewhat based on the calculated results. As a result of the analysis, the present algebraic Reynolds stress model is shown to be able to reasonably predict the turbulent flow in a compound meandering open channel. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a “Built-in” Scanning Near Field Microscope Head for an Atomic Force Microscope System and Stress Mapping of an Al2O3/ZrO2 Eutectic Composite

We constructed a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) on a commercially available atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus (SPM-9500J2; Shimadzu Corp.) to measure the stress distribution in ceramic composite materials. Features of our SNOM system are: (1) a compact SNOM head substituted for the original AFM head; (2) a wide scanning range (125 × 125 μm²) inherited from the original scanner; (3) use of conventional shear-force regulation; (4) an optical system for the illumination-collection (I-C) mode; (5) excitation by a 488 nm line of an Ar-ion laser, and (6) light detection by photon counting or a polychromator equipped with an electronically cooled charge coupled device (CCD). This SNOM system was used to measure the surface structure and stress distribution of an Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ eutectic composite. We simultaneously measured topographic images and fluorescence spectra of an Al₂O₃/ZrO₂ eutectic composite. We estimated its peak intensity, peak position, and peak width from the fluorescence spectrum during scanning, which respectively correspond to the abundance of Al₂O₃, stress in the grain, and the anisotropy of that stress. Mapping images showed that the stress and its anisotropy were weaker in the center of the Al₂O₃ grain than its boundary between Al₂O₃ and ZrO₂. That observation suggests that Al₂O₃ underwent intense anisotropic stress induced by volume expansion in the phase transition of ZrO₂ from the cubic phase to the monoclinic phase during preparation.     

Inhibierungseffekt von 1,1,4,4-Tetraphenyl-2-tetrazen bei der radikalischen Polymerisation von Styrol

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Photochromism of viologens included in crown ether cavity

The effect of a pi-electron-donating macrocyclic molecule on the photochromic behavior of viologen derivatives was investigated in a thin polymer film. The intermolecular interactions between the viologens and the macrocyclic molecule were investigated in a solution before photoirradiation. In acetone, benzylviologens, N,N'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium hexafluorophosphate (1) and N,N'-dibenzyl-trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridinium)ethylene hexafluorophosphate (2) each derived from 4,4'-bipiyridine and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, respectively, form an inclusion complex with p-benzocrown ether (3) with binding constants of ca 200 M-1, which was driven by a charge transfer interaction. The peak wavelength of the charge transfer absorption band was at 453 and 421 nm for the inclusion complexes of 1 and 2 with 3, respectively. Upon photoirradiation to the polymer film containing 1, the film changed color from colorless to blue, associated with the reduction of 1 from the dication to the radical cation. The original dication was recovered after 120 min. The addition of 3 into the film containing 1 caused not only the color change from colorless to yellow, associated with the charge transfer interaction between 1 and 3 before photoirradiation, but also an acceleration in the bleaching rate of the photoreduced 1. When p-dimethoxybenzene (4) was used as an acyclic analog of 3, a negligible change in the photochromic behavior of 1 was observed. Similar effect of 3 on the photochromic behavior of 2 was observed. These results imply that the pi-electron-donating macrocyclic molecule causes a faster bleaching of photoreduced viologens by forming the inclusion complex.     

Condensed thienopyrimidines. II. Synthesis and gastric antisecretory activity of thiazole and polymethylene condensed thienopyrimidine derivatives

Thiazolo[3,2-a]thieno[3,2-d]-, [3,4-d]- and [2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives (6, 11 and 16), and polymethylene condensed thieno[3,2-d]-, [3,4-d]- and [2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one derivatives (19-21), in which the oxygen atom of the oxazolidine moiety in 3 was replaced by a sulfur atom or methylene groups, were synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in pylorus-ligated rats. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds are discussed.     

Reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography of hematoporphyrin and its nickel,copper and zinc complexes

Summary The thin-layer chromatographic mobility of hematoporphyrin IX (Hp) and its metal complexes on octyl (C₈)- or octadecyl (C₁₈)-bonded silica gel plate is described. The mobility order for those compounds is regular on both kinds of plate with various compositions of methanol-phosphate buffer mixtures as the developing solvents; thus, Cu-complex < Ni-complex < Hp (free acid) < Zn-complex. The combination of a C₁₈-plate with an 85∶15 (vol/vol) mixture of methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 3) is recommended for the successful separation of these four compounds.     

Studies on cerebral protective agents. I. Novel 4-arylpyrimidine derivatives with anti-anoxic and anti-lipid peroxidation activities.

Novel 4-arylpyrimidine derivatives were synthesized by the oxidation of 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrimidines, and their effects on anti-anoxic (AA) activity in mice and anti-lipid peroxidation (ALP) activity in rat brain mitochondria were investigated. Among these compounds, ethyl 6-methyl-2-phenyl-4-(4-pyridyl)-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate (4b) has AA activity (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and ethyl 6-methyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate (4f) has ALP activity (73% inhibition at 10(-5) g/ml). The latter compound (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was also effective on arachidonate-induced cerebral edema in rats with comparable potency to that of vitamin E.     

Cp/mas 13c nmr and Electron Diffraction Study of Bacterial Cellulose Structure Affected by Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Acetobacter xylinum was cultured in Schramm–Hestrin medium containing pectin (pectin medium), xylan (xylan medium), or glucomannan (mannan medium). X-ray diffractometry revealed that xylan and glucomannan affected the size of the cellulose crystals and their d-spacing values. Solid-state cross polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that the ratio of cellulose I was reduced by the addition of polysaccharides. These effects were more remarkable on the cellulose in the mannan medium than that in the xylan medium, and were scarcely observed in the pectin medium. Electron diffraction analysis revealed that these effects on hemicelluloses along cellulose microfibrils are continuous in the mannan medium and discontinuous in the xylan medium. These findings suggest that the uronic acid in the polysaccharides prevents interactions with cellulose leading to alterations of the structure of the cellulose crystal.     

Determination of phosphorus in biological material using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with a molybdenum tube atomiser

Phosphorus has been determined by electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with a molybdenum tube atomiser. The effects of interferents on the phosphorus signal have been investigated. Chemical interferences were eliminated by high-temperature pyrolysis. The detection limit for the molybdenum tube system was 2.3 ng (corresponding to 2.3 micrograms ml-1 when 1 microliter was injected into the atomiser) and the characteristic mass was 1.9 ng of phosphorus. A calibration graph method combined with high-temperature pyrolysis has been evaluated through the determination of phosphorus in biological materials. The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the method were superior to or nearly equal to those of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The advantages of the high-temperature pyrolysis method are its simplicity and low cost.