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1.
Constantin JG Fris AR Appignanesi G Carignano M Szleifer I Corti H 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2011,34(11):126
The structure of water clusters (H2O)n (n = 40 -200) and bulk water were examined by molecular dynamics simulations using the TIP4P-ice water model. The analysis of
the low-temperature structures in terms of the local structure index (LSI) showed a bimodal distribution. This finding supports
the two-state picture derived from the analysis of the inherent dynamics of bulk SPC/E water. The water molecules at the outer
interface of the coldest clusters are more structured than those in the inner core. The geometrical constraint of the interface
forces the surface molecules to lose one neighbor and adopt a local angular distribution of hydrogen bonds resembling that
found in the basal plane of ice Ih. 相似文献
2.
Accordino SR Rodriguez Fris JA Sciortino F Appignanesi GA 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2011,34(5):48-7
Several evidences have helped to establish the two-state nature of liquid water. Thus, within the normal liquid and supercooled
regimes water has been shown to consist of a mixture of well-structured, low-density molecules and unstructured, high-density
ones. However, quantitative analyses have faced the burden of unambiguously determining both the presence and the fraction
of each kind of water “species”. A recent approach by combining a local structure index with potential-energy minimisations
allows us to overcome this difficulty. Thus, in this work we extend such study and employ it to quantitatively determine the
fraction of structured molecules as a function of temperature for different densities. This enables us to validate predictions
of two-state models. 相似文献
3.
AR Engel 《Contemporary Physics》2013,54(6):523-526
This article reviews some of the applications of physics to the solution of archaeological problems. The use of magnetic, resistivity and electromagnetic surveying techniques for the location of buried features is described. Various methods of age determination are outlined while the problems associated with radiocarbon dating of organic material and thermoluminescent dating of pottery are discussed in detail. The techniques, including petrological examination, chemical analysis and isotopic analysis, employed in the physical examination of archaeological artefacts are described. Examples of the application of these techniques in establishing the source of the raw materials used in pottery, metal and stone implements and in elucidating the techniques of manufacture of pottery and metal objects are also given. 相似文献
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5.
G. A. Appignanesi J. A. Rodriguez Fris F. Sciortino 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2009,29(3):305-310
The picture of liquid water as consisting of a mixture of molecules of two different structural states (structured, low-density
molecules and unstructured, high-density ones) represents a belief that has been around for long time awaiting for a conclusive
validation. While in the last years some indicators have indeed provided certain evidence for the existence of structurally
different “species”, a more definite bimodality in the distribution function of a sound structural quantity would be desired.
In this context, our present work combines the use of a structural parameter with a minimization technique to yield neat bimodal
distributions in a temperature range within the supercooled liquid regime, thus clearly revealing the presence of two populations
of differently structured water molecules. Furthermore, we elucidate the role of the inter-conversion between the identified
two kinds of states for the dynamics of structural relaxation, thus linking structural information to dynamics, a long-standing
issue in glassy physics. 相似文献
6.
In this study, methanol extracts (MEs) and essential oil (EO) of Angelica purpurascens (Avé-Lall.) Gill obtained from different parts (root, stem, leaf, and seed) were evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, compositions of phenolic compound, and essential oil with the methods of 2,2-azino-bis(3ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH•) radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the Folin–Ciocalteu, liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC−MS), respectively. The root extract of A. purpurascens exhibited the highest ABTS•+, DPPH•, and FRAP activities (IC50: 0.05 ± 0.0001 mg/mL, IC50: 0.06 ± 0.002 mg/mL, 821.04 ± 15.96 µM TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), respectively). Moreover, EO of A. purpurascens root displayed DPPH• scavenging activity (IC50: 2.95 ± 0.084 mg/mL). The root extract had the highest total phenolic content (438.75 ± 16.39 GAE (gallic acid equivalent), µg/mL)). Twenty compounds were identified by LC−MS/MS. The most abundant phenolics were ferulic acid (244.39 ± 15.64 μg/g extract), benzoic acid (138.18 ± 8.84 μg/g extract), oleuropein (78.04 ± 4.99 μg/g extract), and rutin (31.21 ± 2.00 μg/g extract) in seed, stem, root, and leaf extracts, respectively. According to the GC−MS analysis, the major components were determined as α-bisabolol (22.93%), cubebol (14.39%), α-pinene (11.63%), and α-limonene (9.41%) among 29 compounds. Consequently, the MEs and EO of A. purpurascens can be used as a natural antioxidant source. 相似文献
7.
ÜMMÜHAN OCAK HALIT KANTEKIN YAŞAR GÖK H. BASIR ŞENTÜRK 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》2006,55(1-2):87-91
The selective liquid–liquid extraction of various transition metal cations from the aqueous phase to the organic phase was carried out using a 14-membered N2O2S2-macrobicycle. Metal picrates such as Pb2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Ni2+,Cu2+ and Cd2+ were used in this extraction studies. It was found that the ligand showed moderate selectivity towards Pb2+ only among the other metals. The extraction constant (log K
ex) was determined to be 13.8 for Pb2+ complex. 相似文献
8.
Bushra Y Ahmed Sridhara Chakravarthy Ruben Eggers Wim TJMC Hermens Jing Ying Zhang Simone P Niclou Christiaan Levelt Fred Sablitzky Patrick N Anderson AR Lieberman Joost Verhaagen 《BMC neuroscience》2004,5(1):1-11
Background
As development proceeds the human embryo attains an ever more complex three dimensional (3D) structure. Analyzing the gene expression patterns that underlie these changes and interpreting their significance depends on identifying the anatomical structures to which they map and following these patterns in developing 3D structures over time. The difficulty of this task greatly increases as more gene expression patterns are added, particularly in organs with complex 3D structures such as the brain. Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) is a new technology which has been developed for rapidly generating digital 3D models of intact specimens. We have assessed the resolution of unstained neuronal structures within a Carnegie Stage (CS)17 OPT model and tested its use as a framework onto which anatomical structures can be defined and gene expression data mapped.Results
Resolution of the OPT models was assessed by comparison of digital sections with physical sections stained, either with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or by immunocytochemistry for GAP43 or PAX6, to identify specific anatomical features. Despite the 3D models being of unstained tissue, peripheral nervous system structures from the trigeminal ganglion (~300 μm by ~150 μm) to the rootlets of cranial nerve XII (~20 μm in diameter) were clearly identifiable, as were structures in the developing neural tube such as the zona limitans intrathalamica (core is ~30 μm thick). Fourteen anatomical domains have been identified and visualised within the CS17 model. Two 3D gene expression domains, known to be defined by Pax6 expression in the mouse, were clearly visible when PAX6 data from 2D sections were mapped to the CS17 model. The feasibility of applying the OPT technology to all stages from CS12 to CS23, which encompasses the major period of organogenesis for the human developing central nervous system, was successfully demonstrated.Conclusion
In the CS17 model considerable detail is visible within the developing nervous system at a minimum resolution of ~20 μm and 3D anatomical and gene expression domains can be defined and visualised successfully. The OPT models and accompanying technologies for manipulating them provide a powerful approach to visualising and analysing gene expression and morphology during early human brain development. 相似文献9.
In this paper, we consider the equation x 2?L n x y+(?1) n y 2 = ±5 r and determine the values of n for which the equation has positive integer solutions x and y. Moreover, we give all positive integer solutions of the equation x 2?L n x y+(?1) n y 2 = ±5 r when the equation has positive integer solutions. 相似文献
10.