Inclusive (γ, N), (γ, NN) and (γ, Nπ) reactions in nuclei at intermediate energies

Differential cross sections of nucleons excited in photonuclear reactions in medium and heavy nuclei are studied by considering all relevant reaction mechanisms leading to the excitation of protons or neutrons. We take advantage of previous microscopic studies for the absorption and scattering of photons and photoproduced pions, and implement a simulation code in order to take into account the propagation of the nucleons as well as their collisions with other nucleons in the nuclear medium, which generate secondary excited nucleons. Comparison with experimental data is done. Cross sections for nucleon emission in coincidence with one pion are also calculated, and some coincidence observables are discussed.     

Molar excess heat capacities and volumes for mixtures of alkanoates with cyclohexane at 25°C

Molar excess volumes V ^E at 25°C have been determined by vibrating-tube densimetry, as a function of mole fraction x for different series of an alkanoate (H _2m+1 C _m COOC _n H _2n+1 )+cyclohexane. Three types of alkanoates were investigated, i.e., methanoates (m=0, with n=3 and 4), ethanoates (m=1, with n=2, 3, and 4) and propanoates (m=2, with n=1, 2, and 3). In addition, a Picker flow calorimeter was used to obtain molar excess heat capacities C _p ^E at constant pressure at the same temperature. V ^E is positive for all systems and rather symmetric, with V ^E (x=0.5) amounting to almost identical values in a series of mixtures containing an alkanoate isomer of same formula (say C₄H₈O₂, C₅H₁₀O₂, or C₆H₁₂O₂). The composition dependence of C _p ^E is rather unusual in that two more or less marked minima are observed for most of the mixtures, especially when the alkanoate is a methanoate or an ethanoate. These results are discussed in terms of possible changes in conformation of both the ester and cyclohexane.     

Deeply bound pionic states with the (Σ −,Λ) reaction

We study the reaction ^– +A + (A ^–) with the ^– bound in the nucleus, as a means of producing deeply bound pionic states in nuclei, so far unobserved. The reaction is similar to the (n, p) reaction but, because of the ^–, mass difference, it allows the reaction to occur with smaller momentum transfer, thus increasing the transition probability and reducing the effects of distortion. The ratios of signal to background are one to two orders of magnitude better than in the (n, p) reaction.We would like to thank C. Dover and G. Tamas who helped us to get a perspective of the present and future possibilities of this and other reactions.One of us, J. Nieves wishes to acknowledge a fellowship from the Ministerio de Educatión y Ciencia. This work is partially supported by the CICYT. All the calculations have been done in the Centro Informático de la Universidad de Valencia.     

A multicommuted fluorescence-based sensing system for simultaneous determination of Vitamins B2 and B6

A multicommuted flow-through optosensor based on the direct fluorescence measurements of Vitamins B₂ and B₆ using a non-polar sorbent (C₁₈ silica gel) as solid sensing zone (to accomplish the separation and subsequent preconcentration/detection of the target analytes) have been developed. The proposed flow system was controlled by Java-written home-made software and designed using three-way solenoid valves for independent automated manipulation of sample and carrier solutions. The native fluorescence signal was simultaneously monitored at two pairs of excitation/emission wavelengths (450/519 and 294/395 for B₂ and B₆, respectively). The separation of the analytes was performed in the detection flow cell, using the differences in the sorption/elution process on the solid support between the two vitamins, due to their different polarity. Using an optimised sampling time, the analytical signal showed linearity in the range 0.01-0.4 and 0.15-3 μg ml⁻¹ with detection limits of 0.003 and 0.045 μg ml⁻¹ for B₂ and B₆, respectively, obtaining R.S.D. (%) values better than 2% for both analytes. The proposed methodology was applied to different pharmaceutical preparations, obtaining remarkably good results with recoveries ranging from 96 to 107.5%.     

Scalar mesons moving in a finite volume and the role of partial wave mixing

Phase shifts and resonance parameters can be obtained from finite-volume lattice spectra for interacting pairs of particles, moving with non-zero total momentum. We present a simple derivation of the method that is subsequently applied to obtain the ?Ц? and ??K phase shifts in the sectors with total isospin I = 0 and I = 1/2 , respectively. Considering different total momenta, one obtains extra data points for a given volume that allow for a very efficient extraction of the resonance parameters in the infinite-volume limit. Corrections due to the mixing of partial waves are provided. We expect that our results will help to optimize the strategies in lattice simulations, which aim at an accurate determination of the scattering and resonance properties.     

Three-body hadronic structure of low-lying 1/2+ Σ and Λ resonances⋆

We discuss the dynamical generation of some low-lying 1/2⁺ Σ 's and Λ 's in two-meson one-baryon systems. These systems have been constructed by adding a pion in the S -wave to the ˉN pair and its coupled channels, where the 1/2^- Λ(1405) -resonance gets dynamically generated. We solve Faddeev equations in the coupled-channel approach to calculate the T -matrix for these systems as a function of the total energy and the invariant mass of one of the meson-baryon pairs. This squared T -matrix shows peaks at the energies very close to the masses of the strangeness -1 , 1/2⁺ resonances listed in the particle data book.     

Evidence for the two-pole structure of the lambda(1405) resonance

The K- p --> pi0pi0sigma0 reaction is studied within a chiral unitary model. The distribution of pi0sigma0 states forming the lambda(1405) shows, in agreement with a recent experiment, a peak at 1420 MeV and a relatively narrow width of gamma = 38 MeV. The mechanism for the reaction is largely dominated by the emission of a pi0 prior to the K- p interaction leading to the lambda(1405). This ensures the coupling of the lambda(1405) to the K- p channel, thus maximizing the contribution of the second state found in chiral unitary theories, which is narrow and of higher energy than the nominal lambda(1405). This is unlike the pi- p --> K0pisigma reaction, which gives more weight to the pole at lower energy and with a larger width. The data of these two experiments, together with the present theoretical analysis, provide firm evidence of the two-pole structure of the lambda(1405).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">ρρ</Emphasis>N and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ρρ</Emphasis>Δ molecules with J<Superscript>P</Superscript> = 5/2<Superscript>+</Superscript> and J<Superscript>P</Superscript> = 7/2<Superscript>+</Superscript>

The ρρN and ρρΔ three-body systems have been studied within the framework of the fixed center approximation of Faddeev equation. The ρρ interaction in isospin I = 0 , spin S = 2 is strongly attractive, and so are the N ρ, ρΔ interactions. This leads to bound states of both ρρN and ρρΔ. We find peaks of the modulus squared of the scattering matrix around 2227 MeV for ρρN, and 2372 MeV for ρρΔ. Yet, the strength of the peak for the ρρN amplitude is much smaller than for ρρΔ, weakening the case for a ρρN bound state, or a dominant ρρN component. A discussion is made on how these states can be searched for in present programs looking for multimeson final states in different reactions.     

Classifying codimension two multigerms

We generalise the operations of augmentation and concatenations defined in Cooper et al. (Compos Math 131(2):121–160, 2002) in order to obtain multigerms of analytic (or smooth) maps \((\mathbb {K}^n,S)\rightarrow (\mathbb {K}^p,0)\) with \(\mathbb {K}=\mathbb {C}\) or \(\mathbb {R}\) from monogerms and some special multigerms. We then prove that any corank 1 codimension 2 multigerm in Mather’s nice dimensions \((n,p)\) with \(n\ge p-1\) can be constructed using augmentations and these operations.