Prediction of entrance length and mass suction rate for a cylindrical sucking funnel

Conservation equations for mass, momentum and energy have been solved numerically for a cylindrical funnel with louvers (lateral openings on the side wall of the cylindrical funnel through which air can come into it) to compute the suction rate of air into the funnel. The nozzle placed centrally at the bottom of the cylinder ejects high‐velocity hot gaseous products so that atmospheric air gets sucked into the funnel. The objective of the work is to compute the ratio of the rate of mass suction to that of the mass ejected by the nozzle for different operating conditions and geometrical size of the funnel. From the computation it has been found that there exists optimum funnel diameter and optimum funnel height for which the mass suction is the highest. The protruding length of the nozzle into the funnel has almost no effect on the mass suction rate after a certain funnel height. The louvers opening area has a very high impact on the mass suction rate. The entrance length for such a sucking funnel is strikingly much lower compared with a simple cylindrical pipe having uniform flow at the inlet at same Reynolds number. A new correlation has been developed to propose the entrance length for a sucking pipe, the rate of mass suction into it and the exhaust plume temperature over a wide range of operating parameters that are normally encountered in a general funnel operations of naval or merchant ship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ligand-assisted, copper-catalyzed enantioselective benzylic amination

Several classes of ligands, including α-amino acids, diamines, diphosphines, bis-oxazolines, and diimines, support efficient copper-catalyzed amination of benzylic hydrocarbons by anhydrous chloramine-T. Catalysts derived from homochiral ligands, particularly chiral diimines, effect aminosulfonation with low to moderate enantioselectivity.     

The nature of unsupported uranium-ruthenium bonds: a combined experimental and theoretical study

Four new uranium-ruthenium complexes, [(Tren(TMS))URu(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)] (9), [(Tren(DMSB))URu(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)] (10), [(Ts(Tolyl))(THF)URu(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)] (11), and [(Ts(Xylyl))(THF)URu(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)] (12) [Tren(TMS)=N(CH(2)CH(2)NSiMe(3))(3); Tren(DMSB)=N(CH(2)CH(2)NSiMe(2)tBu)(3)]; Ts(Tolyl)=HC(SiMe(2)NC(6)H(4)-4-Me)(3); Ts(Xylyl)=HC(SiMe(2)NC(6)H(3)-3,5-Me(2))(3)], were prepared by a salt-elimination strategy. Structural, spectroscopic, and computational analyses of 9-12 shows: i) the formation of unsupported uranium-ruthenium bonds with no isocarbonyl linkages in the solid state; ii) ruthenium-carbonyl backbonding in the [Ru(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)](-) ions that is tempered by polarization of charge within the ruthenium fragments towards uranium; iii) closed-shell uranium-ruthenium interactions that can be classified as predominantly ionic with little covalent character. Comparison of the calculated U-Ru bond interaction energies (BIEs) of 9-12 with the BIE of [(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(3)URu(η(5)-C(5)H(5))(CO)(2)], for which an experimentally determined U-Ru bond disruption enthalpy (BDE) has been reported, suggests BDEs of approximately 150 kJ mol(-1) for 9-12.     

Synthesis on templates II : Directed synthesis of imidazoles from adenine

Adenine has been used as the template for the directed synthesis of 5-substituted imidazoles. A Novel intermediate involved in the cyclic operation has been characterised.     

Thermodynamics of activated phase transitions of 8CB: DSC and MC calorimetry

The present paper reports the heating rate effect on the phase transitions of a pure liquid crystal octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) with use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Modulation Calorimetry (MC) techniques. The DSC runs were taken at various temperature ramp rates from 20 to 0.5 K/min for heating and cooling scans. Well-defined endothermic/exothermic peaks were found at the melting/crystallization, smectic-A to nematic (SmA-N), and nematic to isotropic (N-I) transitions on heating/cooling scans, respectively. All transitions shift in temperature significantly with different ramp rates. The temperature shift of C(p) peaks between heating and cooling scans indicates the order of the transitions. In addition, all transitions follow an Arrhenius behavior. The activation energy of a transition increases as the total energy involved in the transition decreases. The respective enthalpy and entropy change of each transition provides information on the Gibbs free energy. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of the order of transitions. A comparative analysis of MC and DSC techniques highlights the significance of the two techniques. MC is a practicable tool for observing the phase dynamics whereas DSC is a good tool for studying the rate kinematics of the transitions.     

Collisional-radiative model for non-Maxwellian inductively coupled argon plasmas using detailed fine-structure relativistic distorted-wave cross sections

Our recently developed collisional-radiative model which included fine-structure cross sections calculated with a fully relativistic distorted-wave method [R.K. Gangwar, L. Sharma, R. Srivastava, A.D. Stauffer, J. Appl. Phys. 111, 053307 (2012)] has been extended to study non-Maxwellian inductively coupled argon plasmas. We have added more processes to our earlier collisional-radiative model by further incorporating relativistic distorted-wave electron impact cross sections from the 3p ⁵4sJ = 0, 2 metastable states, (1s ₃, 1s ₅ in Paschen’s notation) to the 3p ⁵5p (3p _i ) excited states. The population of various excited levels at different pressures in the range of 1–25 mTorr for an inductively coupled argon plasma have been calculated and compared with the recent optical absorption spectroscopy measurements as well as emission model results of Boffard et al. [Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19, 065001 (2010)]. We have also calculated the intensities of two emission lines, 420.1 nm (3p ₉ → 1s ₅) and 419.8 nm (3p ₅ → 1s ₄) and compared with measured intensities reported by Boffard et al. [J. Phys. D 45, 045201 (2012)]. Our results are in good agreement with the measurements.     

Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from a Discrete Hybrid Bismuth Bromide Ferroelectric Templated by Phosphonium Cation

Bismuth containing hybrid molecular ferroelectrics are receiving tremendous attention in recent years owing to their stable and non-toxic composition. However, these perovskite-like structures are primarily limited to ammonium cations. Herein, we report a new phosphonium based discrete perovskite-like hybrid ferroelectric with a formula [Me(Ph)₃P]₃[Bi₂Br₉] ( MTPBB ) and its mechanical energy harvesting capability. The Polarization-Electric field (P-E) measurements resulted in a well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis loop with a remnant polarization value of 2.1 μC cm⁻². Piezoresponse force microscopy experiments enabled visualization of the ferroelectric domain structure and evaluation of the piezoelectric strain coefficient (d₃₃) for an MTPBB single crystal and thin film sample. Furthermore, flexible devices incorporating MTPBB in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix at various concentrations were fabricated and explored for their mechanical energy harvesting properties. The champion device with 20 wt % of MTPBB in PDMS rendered a maximum peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage of 22.9 V and a maximum power density of 7 μW cm⁻² at an optimal load of 4 MΩ. Moreover, the potential of MTPBB -based devices in low power electronics was demonstrated by storing the harvested energy in various electrolytic capacitors.     

Lewis acid-mediated highly regioselective SN2-Type ring-opening of 2-aryl-N-tosylazetidines and aziridines by alcohols

Lewis acid-mediated highly regioselective SN2-type ring-opening of 2-aryl-N-tosylazetidines with alcohols to afford various 1,3-amino ethers in excellent yields with good enantiomeric excess is described. Similar SN2-type ring-opening of chiral 2-phenyl-N-tosylaziridine with various alcohols produces the corresponding nonracemic 1,2-amino ethers in excellent yields and good ee. The mechanism of the ring-opening of aziridines and azetidines via an SN2 pathway is supported by the formation of nonracemic amino ethers.