Hyphenation of capillary high-performance liquid chromatography with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for nano-scale screening of single-bead combinatorial libraries

This paper focuses on the technical aspects of chemical screening from 384-well plate nano-scale single-bead combinatorial libraries. The analytical technique utilized is a combination of capillary liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The HPLC/MALDI-MS hyphenation is achieved by means of a micro-fraction collector with a peak detection system that automatically collects the peaks onto the MALDI targets for subsequent characterization. Several experimental parameters such as type of 384-well plate, well-plate sealing foils, and a column-switching procedure were investigated using a small test library of nine components. Additionally, the influence of different MALDI matrices, different MALDI targets and sample-spotting techniques on the MALDI detection sensitivity as well as the ruggedness and sample throughput capacity of this technique were studied. Optimum results for the analytes investigated were obtained with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid using on-line mixing of HPLC effluent and matrix solution. To demonstrate the potential of this capillary HPLC/MALDI-TOFMS method, its application to several single-bead libraries was investigated. The instrumental method allowed for the rapid identification and purity assessment of combinatorial libraries with detection limits down to the higher femtomole level using both UV detection and MALDI mass spectrometry.     

Dephasing of a superconducting flux qubit

In order to gain a better understanding of the origin of decoherence in superconducting flux qubits, we have measured the magnetic field dependence of the characteristic energy relaxation time (T(1)) and echo phase relaxation time (T(2)(echo)) near the optimal operating point of a flux qubit. We have measured T(2)(echo) by means of the phase cycling method. At the optimal point, we found the relation T(2)(echo) approximately 2T(1). This means that the echo decay time is limited by the energy relaxation (T(1) process). Moving away from the optimal point, we observe a linear increase of the phase relaxation rate (1/T(2)(echo)) with the applied external magnetic flux. This behavior can be well explained by the influence of magnetic flux noise with a 1/f spectrum on the qubit.     

Small molecule diffusion in a rubbery polymer near Tg: Effects of probe size,shape, and flexibility

A novel experimental approach involving fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) is employed to study the Fickian diffusion of small molecules in rubbery poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) films near the glass transition, using a formalism that directly relates the small molecule translational diffusion coefficient, D, to changes in the normalized nonradiative energy transfer efficiency, E_N. Values of D for pyrene, 1,3-bis-(1-pyrene) propane (BPP), 1,3-bis-(1-pyrene) decane (BPD), 9,10-bis-phenyl ethynyl anthracene (BPEA), diphenyl Disperse Red 4 (DPDR4), and decacyclene in PiBMA are measured over temperatures ranging from approximately T_g to T_g + 25°C. Among these chromophores, significant differences in both the magnitude and temperature dependence of D are observed which are attributed to differences in molecule shape and flexibility, as well as molar volume. Other factors being equal, chromophore flexibility was shown both to increase the magnitude of D and to decrease its dependence on temperature, as does an increase in aspect ratio. For BPD, these effects are attributed to the ability of the flexible molecule to diffuse in a piecewise manner, requiring the cooperative mobility of fewer polymer chain segments than a rigid molecule of the same molar volume. For BPEA and DPDR4, this deviation from D being dominated by molar volume effects is attributed the to high aspect ratio of these elongated molecules. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Edge-emitting photonic crystal double-heterostructure nanocavity lasers with InAs quantum dot active material

We report what is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of an edge-emitting photonic crystal nanocavity laser that is integrated with a photonic crystal waveguide. This demonstration is achieved with a double-heterostructure photonic crystal nanocavity incorporating an InAs quantum dot active region.     

Effect of Pr-Ca substitution on the transport and magnetic behavior of LaMnO3 perovskite

The effect of simultaneous substitution of a fluctuating cation and a divalent cation in LaMnO₃ perovskite modifies the properties of the material to exhibit large valence colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect. A good example of these properties is (La_1−2x Pr _x Ca _x )MnO₃ (LPCMO) type CMR material. In this communication it is reported that, with the increase in x (for x=0.1, 0.15, 0.2), the T _c varies between 100 and 120 K with improvisation in metal-insulator transition. Interestingly, resistance increases with x from few hundred ohms to few kilo ohms with corresponding decrease in the unit cell volume. The results of the studies using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity, magnetoresistance and ac susceptibility measurements on LPCMO samples for understanding the structural, transport and magnetic properties are discussed in detail.     

Non-Fermi liquid states in the pressurized CeCu2(Si1-xGex)2 system: two critical points

In the archetypal strongly correlated electron superconductor CeCu2Si2 and its Ge-substituted alloys CeCu2(Si1-xGex)2 two quantum phase transitions--one magnetic and one of so far unknown origin-can be crossed as a function of pressure. We examine the associated anomalous normal state by detailed measurements of the low temperature resistivity (rho) power-law exponent alpha. At the lower critical point (at pcl, 1相似文献   

Radiation fields from whispering-gallery modes of oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Near- and far-field radiation patterns are analyzed for whispering-gallery-mode lasing in native-oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Calculations from classical antenna theory based on the higher-order Bessel functions are compared with experiment and shown to be a useful predictor of the measured radiation fields. The most interesting features of the lasing modes are the multiple and uniformly distributed intensity spots in the near and far fields.