A Novel Strategy for Determination of Paracetamol in the Presence of Morphine Using a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with CdO Nanoparticles and Ionic Liquids

A voltammetric sensor for determination of paracetamol in the presence of morphine is described for the first time. The synthesized CdO nanoparticles were characterized with different methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The paracetamol and morphine peaks are separated ca. 0.37 and 0.65 V, respectively; hence paracetamol can be analysed in the presence of morphine and more than 21 times of the current excess of paracetamol. The detection limits for paracetamol and morphine were 0.07 and 0.1 μM, respectively. The sensor has been successfully applied for the assay of the above compounds in real samples.     

Microfunnel‐filter‐based emulsification microextraction followed by gas chromatography for simple determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples

A simple and fast method named microfunnel‐filter‐based emulsification microextraction is introduced for an efficient determination of some organophosphorus pesticides including diazinon, malathion, and chlorpyrifos in the environmental samples including the river, sea, and well water. This method is based upon the dispersion of a low‐toxicity organic solvent (dihexyl ether), as the extractant, in a high volume of an aqueous sample solution (45 mL). It is implemented without a centrifugation step, and using a syringe filter and a micro‐funnel, the phase separation and transfer of the enriched analytes to the gas chromatograph are simply achieved. By filtration of the extractant phase, a suitable sample clean‐up is obtained, and the total extraction time is just a few minutes. The factors influencing the extraction efficiency are optimized, and under the optimal conditions, the proposed method provides a good linearity (in the range of 15–1500 ng/mL (R² > 0.996). A high enrichment factor is obtained (in the range of 306–342), and the method provides low limits of detection and quantification (in the ranges of 4–8 and 15–25 ng/mL, respectively).     

Meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) approximation to the two dimensional sine-Gordon equation

During the past few years, the idea of using meshless methods for numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) has received much attention throughout the scientific community, and remarkable progress has been achieved on meshless methods. The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin (MLPG) method is one of the “truly meshless” methods since it does not require any background integration cells. The integrations are carried out locally over small sub-domains of regular shapes, such as circles or squares in two dimensions and spheres or cubes in three dimensions. In this paper the MLPG method for numerically solving the non-linear two-dimensional sine-Gordon (SG) equation is developed. A time-stepping method is employed to deal with the time derivative and a simple predictor-corrector scheme is performed to eliminate the non-linearity. A brief discussion is outlined for numerical integrations in the proposed algorithm. Some examples involving line and ring solitons are demonstrated and the conservation of energy in undamped SG equation is investigated. The final numerical results confirm the ability of proposed method to deal with the unsteady non-linear problems in large domains.     

Effect of Aqueous Ablation Environment on the Characteristics of ZnO Nanoparticles Produced by Laser Ablation

Effect of ablation environment on the nature of ZnO nanoparticles produced by laser ablation method in liquid medium is investigated experimentally. High purity Zn plate was irradiated by the fundamental beam of a Q-switch Nd-YAG laser in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), acetone, sodium dodecyl sulfate and water. Produced nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction spectrum, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results show that the highest rate of ablation occurs in CTAB. Largest nanoparticles are produced in acetone, and crystallinity of nanoparticles produced in CTAB is higher than other samples. CTAB surfactant changed the morphology of ZnO nanoparticles.     

A greedy meshless local Petrov–Galerkin methodbased on radial basis functions

The meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) method with global radial basis functions (RBF) as trial approximation leads to a full final linear system and a large condition number. This makes MLPG less efficient when the number of data points is increased. We can overcome this drawback if we avoid using more points from the data site than absolutely necessary. In this article, we equip the MLPG method with the greedy sparse approximation technique of (Schaback, Numercail Algorithms 67 (2014), 531–547) and use it for numerical solution of partial differential equations. This scheme uses as few neighbor nodal values as possible and allows to control the consistency error by explicit calculation. Whatever the given RBF is, the final system is sparse and the algorithm is well‐conditioned. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 847–861, 2016     

Synthesis of dimethyl 4-thiazolidinylphosphine oxides via addition of dimethylphosphine oxide to 3-thiazolines

The addition of dimethylphosphine oxide and its trimethylsiloxyphosphorus(III) derivative, generated in situ, to 3-thiazolines was found to yield dimethyl 4-thiazolidinylphosphine oxides via three different synthetic routes. The structures of two products were confirmed by X-ray analysis; common features include approximate envelope conformations of the five-membered rings and hydrogen bonding of the form N–H· · ·O=P. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 8 : 207–215, 1997.