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1.
R. Riva J. Rieger R. Jrme PH. Lecomte 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(20):6015-6024
This paper aims at reporting on the synthesis of a heterograft copolymer by combining the “grafting onto” process based on atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and the “grafting from” process by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The statistical copolymerization of ε‐caprolactone (εCL) and α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone (αClεCL) was initiated by 2,2‐dibutyl‐2‐stanna‐1,3‐dioxepane (DSDOP), followed by ATRA of parts of the chlorinated units of poly(αClεCL‐co‐εCL) on the terminal double bond of α‐MeO,ω‐CH2?CH? CH2? CO2‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The amphiphilic poly(εCL‐g‐EO) graft copolymer collected at this stage forms micelles as supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The unreacted pendant chloro groups of poly(εCL‐g‐EO) were used to initiate the ATRP of styrene with formation of copolymer with two populations of randomly distributed grafts, that is PEO and polystyrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6015–6024, 2006 相似文献
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E. M. Essassi R. Zniber A. Bernardini PH. Viallefont 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1983,20(4):1015-1018
The inluence of the starting o-diamine on the reaction products is shown in the condensation of heteroaromatic o-diamines with acetylacetone; 2,3- and 3,4-diaminopyridines gave only a crotonic intermediate providing imidazopyridines. On the other hand, 1,5-diaminoimidazoles gave tow types of compounds, imidazotriazepines and imidazopyridines. Triazolopyridazines were formed from 3,4-diaminotriazoles. 相似文献
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P. H. Chavanis 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2008,62(2):179-208
We study a general class of nonlinear mean field
Fokker-Planck equations in relation with an effective generalized
thermodynamical (E.G.T.) formalism. We show that these equations describe
several physical systems such as: chemotaxis of bacterial
populations, Bose-Einstein condensation in the canonical ensemble,
porous media, generalized Cahn-Hilliard equations, Kuramoto model,
BMF model, Burgers equation, Smoluchowski-Poisson system for
self-gravitating Brownian particles, Debye-Hückel theory of
electrolytes, two-dimensional turbulence... In particular, we show
that nonlinear mean field Fokker-Planck equations can provide
generalized Keller-Segel models for the chemotaxis of
biological populations. As an example, we introduce a new model of
chemotaxis incorporating both effects of anomalous diffusion and
exclusion principle (volume filling). Therefore, the notion of
generalized thermodynamics can have applications for concrete
physical systems. We also consider nonlinear mean field
Fokker-Planck equations in phase space and show the passage from
the generalized Kramers equation to the generalized Smoluchowski
equation in a strong friction limit. Our formalism is simple and
illustrated by several explicit examples corresponding to Boltzmann,
Tsallis, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein entropies among others. 相似文献
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Chavanis PH 《Physical review letters》2000,84(24):5512-5515
We develop a quasilinear theory of the 2D Euler equation and derive an integrodifferential equation for the evolution of the coarse-grained vorticity omega;(r,t). This equation respects all of the invariance properties of the Euler equation and conserves angular momentum in a circular domain and linear impulse in a channel. We show under which hypothesis we can derive an H theorem for the Fermi-Dirac entropy and make the connection with statistical theories of 2D turbulence. 相似文献
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Pierre-Henri Chavanis 《Physica A》2008,387(7):1504-1528
We develop the kinetic theory of Hamiltonian systems with weak long-range interactions. Starting from the Klimontovich equation and using a quasilinear theory, we obtain a general kinetic equation that can be applied to spatially inhomogeneous systems and that takes into account memory effects. This equation is valid at order 1/N in a proper thermodynamic limit and it coincides with the kinetic equation obtained from the BBGKY hierarchy. For N→+∞, it reduces to the Vlasov equation governing collisionless systems. We describe the process of phase mixing and violent relaxation leading to the formation of a quasistationary state (QSS) on the coarse-grained scale. We interpret the physical nature of the QSS in relation to Lynden-Bell’s statistical theory and discuss the problem of incomplete relaxation. In the second part of the paper, we consider the relaxation of a test particle in a thermal bath. We derive a Fokker-Planck equation by directly calculating the diffusion tensor and the friction force from the Klimontovich equation. We give general expressions of these quantities that are valid for possibly spatially inhomogeneous systems with long correlation time. We show that the diffusion and friction terms have a very similar structure given by a sort of generalized Kubo formula. We also obtain non-Markovian kinetic equations that can be relevant when the auto-correlation function of the force decreases slowly with time. An interesting factor in our approach is the development of a formalism that remains in physical space (instead of Fourier space) and that can deal with spatially inhomogeneous systems. 相似文献