Structural, morphological and optical properties of \hbox {In}_{2}\hbox {S}_{3} thin films obtained by SILAR method

$\hbox {In}_{2}\hbox {S}_{3}$ thin films have been elaborated onto glass substrate by SILAR method at room temperature using different immersion time in the solution of cation and anion and fixing the rinsing time. The film composition, morphology and structure were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques. Optical properties, such transmission and band gap have been also analyzed. The effects of annealing on the morphological structure thin films are also described. The x-rays diffraction spectra indicated that the formed compounds are $\upbeta $ - $\hbox {In}_{2}\hbox {S}_{3}$ polycrystalline thin films with $\hbox {In}_{6}\hbox {S}_{7 }$ as second phase in sample S1 and sample S2 and no another phase in sample 3. SEM revealed homogeneous and relatively uniform films and EDAX shows sample 3 with S/In=1.44. For sample 1 and sample 2, we noted an increase of band gap when rinsing time increases.     

A Random Multivalued Uniform Boundedness Principle

We present a generalization of the Uniform Boundedness Principle valid for random multivalued linear operators, i.e., multivalued linear operators taking values in the space L₀(,Y) of random variables defined on a probability space with values in the Banach space Y. Namely, for a family of such operators that are continuous with positive probability, if the family is pointwise bounded with probability at least >0, then the operators are uniformly bounded with a probability that in each case can be estimated in terms of and the index of continuity of the operator. To achieve this result, we develop the fundamental theory of multivalued linear operators on general topological vector spaces. In particular, we exhibit versions of the Closed Graph Theorem, the Open Mapping Theorem, and the Uniform Boundedness Principle for multivalued operators between F-spaces.Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000) 46A16, 46A30, 47A06, 47B80, 60H25.     

Optimization of parameters for deposition of ZnO films by sol gel using Taguchi method

ABSTRACT

ZnO transparent conductive films were deposited on glass substrates by sol-gel spin coating method. Taguchi method was used to find the optimal deposition parameters, three influential parameters were selected in this experiment, Concentration of zinc (II) ions. Zn²⁺, annealing temperature T_r and pre-annealing temperature T_P. By employing the analysis of variance, we found that the annealing temperature T_r and the precursor Zn²⁺ are the most influencing parameters on the properties of ZnO films. Under the optimized deposition conditions, the ZnO films showed high crystal quality, and high transmittance of 90% in the visible region.     

K2M(H2P2O7)2·2H2O (M = Ni,Cu, Zn): ortho­rhom­bic forms and Raman spectra

The crystal structures of three isotypic ortho­rhom­bic dihydrogendiphosphates, namely dipotassium copper(II)/nickel(II)/zinc(II) bis­(dihydrogendiphosphate) dihydrate, K₂M(H₂P₂O₇)₂·2H₂O (M = Cu, Ni and Zn), have been refined from single‐crystal data. The M²⁺ and K⁺ cations are located at sites of m symmetry, and the P atoms occupy general positions. These compounds also exist in triclinic forms with very similar structural features. The structures of both forms are compared, as well as the geometry of the MO₆ octa­hedron, which is considerably elongated towards the water mol­ecules for M = Ni and Cu. Such elongation has not been observed among the other representatives of the family. A Raman study of the whole series K₂M(H₂P₂O₇)₂·2H₂O (M = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mg) is reported.     

All-optical up-conversion for 2.5-Gb/s signals in ROF systems based on FWM effect in HNLF

We propose and demonstrate experimentally a novel scheme to realize all-optical up-conversion and wavelength-conversion based on the bi-directional-pump four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in high nonlinear fibers （HNLFs）.The pump is generated with optical carrier suppression in a Mach-Zehnder modulator.The two pumps are always parallel and phase-locked.A balance-detection photo-detector for optical signal detection is employed with 3-dB improvement in power penalty.The 2.5-Gb/s signals are transmitted successfully over the 25-km single-mode fiber in 30-GHz radio over fiber （ROF） systems.     

Characteristics of CuInS2 thin films synthesizes by chemical spray pyrolysis

Optical and Quantum Electronics - In this paper, a variable-coefficient generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which can be used to describe the nonlinear phenomena in the optical fiber,...     

Optoelectronics properties of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Cu thin films obtained by sol gel method

In this research, Cu-doped TiO₂ thin films have been successfully deposited onto a glass substrate by Sol–gel technique using dip coating method. The films were annealed at different annealing temperatures (400–500 °C) for 1 h. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated and compared using X-ray Diffraction, UV–visible spectrophotometer and 4-point probe method. Optical analysis by mean transmittance T(λ) and absorption A(λ) measurements in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm allow us to determine the indirect band gap energy. DRX analysis of our thin films of TiO₂:Cu shows that the intensities of the line characteristic of anatase phase increasing in function of the temperature.     

Optimization Studies of Porous Carbon Preparation from Oil Shale Using Response Surface Methodology and Its Application for Phenol Adsorption

This paper discusses the elaboration of adsorbents from oil shale. The experimental designs a response surface methodology(RSM), which has been applied to optimize the significant preparation factors, such as temperature, time, and the activating agent percentage. The results obtained from central composite design(CCD) revealed that the interaction between the factors was significant for the maximum quantity of adsorption(response). Planned results have shown that a maximum quantity of adsorption for methylene blue is 65 mg/g, which could be achieved with a temperature of 275℃ over 2 h and a percentage of the activating agent of 45%. The predicted values agreed with the experimental finding, with a determination coefficient(R²) of 0.96. The model has been validated by experiments after conditions optimization. The new material(RHO) was characterized by cation exchange capacity, zero charge pH, surface functions, X-ray fluorescence, specific surface area, and electron microscopy analysis. Phenol adsorption was determined using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin, which were used to describe the adsorption isotherms. The adsorption capacity of the material was about 263 mg/g, and the kinetic studies showed rapid adsorption.     

A simple one step synthesis of new 3,5-disubstituted-4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles

A number of symmetrically 3,5-disubstituted 4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles have been prepared by the reaction of aromatic nitriles with hydrazine dihydrochloride or sulfate with an excess of hydrazine hydrate in ethyl ene or diethylene glycol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The structures of the new triazoles derivatives were confirmed by analytical and spectral data.