Evaluation of the Expression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and the Ratio of Secreted Amyloid Beta 42 to Amyloid Beta 40 in SH-SY5Y Cells Stably Transfected with Wild-Type,Single-Mutant and Double-Mutant Forms of the APP Gene for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology

Neuroblastoma cell lines such as SH-SY5Y are the most frequently utilized models in neurodegenerative research, and their use has advanced the understanding of the pathology of neurodegeneration over the past few decades. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), several pathogenic mutations have been described, all of which cause elevated levels of pathological hallmarks such as amyloid-beta (Aβ). Although the genetics of Alzheimer’s disease is well known, familial AD only accounts for a small number of cases in the population, with the rest being sporadic AD, which contains no known mutations. Currently, most of the in vitro models used to study AD pathogenesis only examine the level of Aβ42 as a confirmation of successful model generation and only perform comparisons between wild-type APP and single mutants of the APP gene. Recent findings have shown that the Aβ42/40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a better diagnostic indicator for AD patients than is Aβ42 alone and that more extensive Aβ formation, such as accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ, Aβ plaques, soluble oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), and insoluble fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) occurs in TgCRND8 mice expressing a double-mutant form (Swedish and Indiana) of APP, later leading to greater progressive impairment of the brain. In this study, we generated SH-SY5Y cells stably transfected separately with wild-type APP, the Swedish mutation of APP, and the Swedish and Indiana mutations of APP and evaluated the APP expression as well as the Aβ42/40 ratio in those cells. The double-mutant form of APP (Swedish/Indiana) expressed markedly high levels of APP protein and showed a high Aβ2/40 ratio compared to wild-type and single-mutant cells.     

Solutions of time-fractional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation arising in the pressure waves in the liquid with gas bubbles

In this paper, analytical approximate solutions for time-fractional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation have been obtained. Two different techniques have been implemented to calculate the solutions, namely, homotopy analysis method and residual power series method. The approximate solutions are represented numerically and graphically for different values of fractional order of derivative. The numerical results are expressed in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 which show that the approximate solutions are in good agreement with the exact solution. The comparative study of the numerical results reveal that both methods are reliable and effective tools for the solution of time-fractional Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation.     

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of nanofluid with double stratification and slip conditions

This paper concerns with the analysis of double stratification in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of nanofluid by a stretching cylinder. Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are present in the transport equations. The flow is subjected to velocity, thermal and solutal slip conditions. Non-linear ordinary differential equations are obtained from the governing non-linear partial differential equations after using appropriate transformations. The resulting non-linear ordinary differential equations are solved for the convergent series solutions. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are illustrated for different emerging parameters. Velocity distribution decays for higher estimation of velocity slip parameter. Furthermore, temperature decreases and concentration enhances for higher values of thermal stratification parameter and thermophoresis parameter, respectively. Numerical results for the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also presented and examined. Comparison between the published limiting solutions and present results is found in an excellent agreement.     

Antioxidant capacities and total phenolic contents increase with gamma irradiation in two types of Malaysian honey

Two types of monofloral Malaysian honey (Gelam and Nenas) were analyzed to determine their antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with and without gamma irradiation. Our results showed that both types of honey can scavenge free radicals and exhibit high antioxidant-reducing power; however, Gelam honey exhibited higher antioxidant activity (p < 0.05) than Nenas honey, which is in good correlation (r = 0.9899) with its phenolic contents. Interestingly, we also noted that both irradiated honeys have higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to nonirradiated honeys by Folin-Ciocalteu and UV-spectrophotometry methods, respectively. However, HPLC analysis for phenolic compounds showed insignificant increase between irradiated and nonirradiated honeys. The phenolic compounds such as: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, p- coumaric acid, quercetin and hesperetin as indicated by HPLC method were found to be higher in Gelam honey versus Nenas honey. In conclusion, irradiation of honey causes enhanced antioxidant activities and flavonoid compounds.     

Chiral AuI- and AuIII-Isothiourea Complexes: Synthesis,Characterization and Application

During an investigation into the potential union of Lewis basic isothiourea organocatalysis and gold catalysis, the formation of gold-isothiourea complexes was observed. These novel gold complexes were formed in high yield and were found to be air- and moisture stable. A series of neutral and cationic chiral gold(I) and gold(III) complexes bearing enantiopure isothiourea ligands was therefore synthesized and fully characterized. The steric and electronic properties of the isothiourea ligands was assessed through calculation of their percent buried volume and the synthesis and analysis of novel iridium(I)-isothiourea carbonyl complexes. The novel gold(I)- and gold(III)-isothiourea complexes have been applied in preliminary catalytic and biological studies, and display promising preliminary levels of catalytic activity and potency towards cancerous cell lines and clinically relevant enzymes.     

Double-stratified Marangoni boundary layer flow of Casson nanoliquid: probable error application

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The present research is manifested to observe the impact of double stratification in the Marangoni convective flow of the Casson nanoliquid model...     

Development of a Surfactant/Platinum Composite for Sensitive Cardio‐selective Beta Blocker Detection and their Theoretical Studies

An electrooxidative behavior of beta‐blocker drug esmolol was thoroughly investigated by using glassy carbon electrode modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate‐based platinum nanoparticles. The designed nanosensor exhibited remarkable electro‐catalytic effect by dramatically boosting the signal of the esmolol as compared to the bare electrode with detection limit up to picomolar. The effects of pH, scan rate, temperature, deposition potential, deposition time, effect of electrolyte and interfering agents were investigated to optimize conditions for getting intense signal of the analyte. Under optimized experimental conditions, a linear calibration plot for esmolol with a detection limit of 60 pM was obtained. The analyte sensing ability of the modified electrode was supported by the application of theoretical studies that showed favorable interaction between sodium dodecyl sulfate/platinum nanoparticles composite and esmolol. In this study, our aim was to developed a nanosensor for the sensitive detection of esmolol by electrochemical assay. We tried a lot of different modification style and modifiers for creating a sensitive nanosensor for esmolol. This nanosensor can be applied to the esmolol in serum sample without using any further separation, evaporation or precipitation steps. Application could apply in serum sample to test accuracy of our sensor and method. The high recovery results were observed in serum study.     

In vitro Toxicological Study of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles on Oxidation of Succinate in Krebs Cycle and Their Resultant Effect in Metabolic Pathways

In vitro study to evaluate toxic effects of metal oxides nanoparticles on energy producing cycle was conducted. In this study oxidation of sodium succinate in aqueous solution was investigated by using potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing agent. Kinetic measurements were carried out on kinetic mode of spectrophotometer at λ_max 420 nm. Effect of different metal oxides (MgO and CaO) nanoparticles was observed on the oxidation of succinate at 25 ± 0.5 °C. These metal oxides nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method and their characterization were done by using FTIR, TGA, SEM‐EDX, TEM and XRD. Kinetic results indicated that these nanoparticles inhibit the conversion of succinate into fumerate. The inhibition is directly dependent on particle size of the nanoparticles and it was observed that particle size is inversely related to the oxidation rate of succinate. It was concluded at the end that elevated concentrations of metal oxides nanoparticles can severely affect the Krebs cycle by inhibiting succinate oxidation and lead to various metabolic disorders.     

Atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopic method for determination of micronutrients and toxic metals in Curcuma longa L. to characterize human health toxicity

Environment-friendly procedures for determination of nutritious and harmful elements in curcuma longa L. and commercially available turmeric powder are presented. Microwave and ultrasound (probe and bath) procedures for sample preparations were adopted and the elements were determined by validated flame atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. Student’s t-test was established whether there was a difference between the sample preparation methods. Trueness of certified values by all methods was ensured which were not differing significantly at 95% level of confidence interval. % recovery and relative standard deviation are in compliance with Food and Drug Administration-USA guidelines for spectrometric determination of elemental composition in food stuffs. Results showed that concentrations of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc found in both types of samples are promising source of nutrition. Exposure to aluminum, cadmium, and lead from consumption of products under investigation was estimated and few sample contents were higher than permissible level suggested by Food and Agriculture Organization-UN. Regarding the food safety monitoring, the proposed methods are rapid and met green chemistry approach can be implemented in laboratories easily for routine analysis.