The effect of rapid rotation on a vertical bridgman furnace at large Rayleigh number

In quasi-steady operation, convection currents in a Bridgmandevice, used for producing a semi-conductor crystal, createinhomogeneities that may make the crystal unusable. It has oftenbeen suggested that additional forces due to rotation or magnetismmight be efficacious in reducing the segregation of the elementsof the alloy. It has been found that, over a wide range of rotationrates, there is no improvement in performance due to rotationabout the vertical axis. However, numerical results that havebeen obtained previously (Lee & Pearlstein, J. Crys. Growth240, 2002) indicate that, when effects of centrifugal buoyancyare introduced, a substantial reduction in segregation is achieved.In the work reported here, by contrast, in which we extend previouslarge-Rayleigh-number asymptotic analysis to include centrifugalbuoyancy, we find no improvement in radial segregation, butrather increasing segregation with increasing rotation rate.     

The axial Ward identity in the presence of a quark-condensing vacuum

Quark-condensate contributions to triangle amplitudes arising from the nonperturbative content of the QCD vacuum are shown to uphold the anomalous axial Ward identity to leading and next-to-leading order in both the expansion parameter [m _quark/momentum]², as well as in the expansion parameter [m _π/m _quark]² appropriate forπ ⁰→ kinematics.     

A theoretical prediction for exclusive decaysB→K(K*)η c

The decay rates for the exclusiveB decaysBK _c andBK* _c are calculated in the context of the heavy quark effective theory. We obtain(BK _c )/ (BK)=1.6±0.2 and(BK* _c )/ (K*)=0.39±0.04. These results lead to estimates BR(BK _c )=(0.11±0.02)% and BR(BK* _c )=(0.05±0.01)% if we use the central current experimental values forB(K, K ^*) branching ratios.     

Charge-transfer complexes as polymerization inhibitors. I. Amine–chloranil complexes as inhibitors for the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate

Charge-transfer complexes of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) and triethylamine (TEA) with chloranil have been investigated as inhibitors for the sensitized polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in bulk and in solution. Complete inhibition is achieved by the complexes of both amines followed by retardation only in case of DMA. The higher inhibiting efficiency of the TEA complexes is attributed to their greater stability. The polymers formed in the presence of chloranil alone or its complexes with both amines are quinonoid and contain no combined nitrogen. The results support the idea that inhibition reaction involve electron transfer from the growing chains to the quinone, with formation of molecular complexes of polymeric cations and semiquinone anions. The latter are the actual inhibiting species, so that the efficiency of inhibiting depends on their concentration, which is determined by the stability of the molecular complexes formed. The inhibition reactions should accordingly be considered as oxidation–reduction processes in which the growing chains are the electron donors. The suggested mechanism affords an explanation for the great differences in the inhibiting power of a particular quinone for the polymerization of different monomers.     

Polymeric p-benzoquinone–tin derivatives as thermal stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). II. Evaluation of the stabilizing efficiency

The polymeric p-benzoquinone-tin derivatives obtained from the reaction of p-benzoquinone with tin tetrachloride in the absence of solvent have been investigated as thermal stabilizers for rigid PVC at 200°C by measuring the rate of dehydrochlorination. The results reveal the greater stabilizing efficiency of the investigated products in relation to dibutyltin maleate and the basic lead stabilizers commonly used in industry. Evidence has been accumulated that the quinone and metallic elements (Sn? Sn bonds) of the stabilizer participate in the stabilization process by trapping the radical intermediates of degradation and blocking the odd electron sites formed on the polymer chains. Although stabilizers with high quinone content provide greater stabilization in the early stages of degradation, their efficiency sharply decreases in subsequent stages. On the other hand, stabilizers of high tin content effectively prohibit the dehydrochlorination reaction at all stages of degradation. On an equivalent basis of metal content, the results clearly demonstrate the greater stabilizing efficiency of tin atoms when found in direct contact in the stabilizer molecule. The mechanism of stabilization suggested to account for the results obtained may be considered as additional evidence in support of the radical nature of the dehydrochlorination reaction.     

DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)

Abstract

Poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC) has many desirable characteristics that have allowed it to achieve its present status as one of the most important commercial polymers. In spite of its enormous technical and economic importance, PVC still possesses many problems. Its rather low stability to the influence of heat and light results in discoloration, hydrogen chloride loss, and serious corrosion phenomena [1], accompanied by changes in the mechanical properties of the article together with a decrease or an increase in molecular weight as a result of chain sassion or crosslinking of the polymer molecules, respectively [2].     

Ionic Liquid Containing Copper(I): A New,Green, Homogeneous,and Reusable Catalyst for Click Cyclization

An ionic liquid containing copper(I) is introduced as a new, green, homogeneous, and reusable catalyst for click synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1H-1,2,3-triazoles from α-azido ketones and terminal alkynes in various solvents, especially in [bmim]BF₄. These cyclization reactions were efficiently performed in the presence of introduced ionic liquid catalyst with short reaction times and good yields. This catalytic ionic liquid exhibits excellent activity and can be simply recovered and reused for at least five runs without any loss in its activity.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

Estimates of B-decays into K-resonances and dileptons

Short and long distance contributions to the exclusive B-decays into various K-resonances and dileptons, i.e. $B \to K^i \ell \bar \ell (\ell = e,\mu ,\nu )$ , are examined. The heavy quark effective theory has been used to calculate the hadronic matrix elements. Substantial branching fractions are obtained for the dileptonic B-decays into some higher excited states of K-mesons. The long distance (resonance) contributions to these exclusive rare B-decay modes dominate the short distance contributions mostly by two orders of magnitude. It is pointed out that, excluding the resonance contributions, the P-wave channels are dominant, accounting for about 50% of the inclusiveB??X _s ? ⁺ ? ^? branching fraction.     

Controlled hydrothermal growth of ZnO nanostructures by sequestering the Zn metal ions with the chelating agent EDTA

In the present work, a controlled growth of ZnO nanostructures by manipulating Zn metal ion concentration by the chelating action of ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid in hydrothermal method is studied. EDTA produces metal–chelate complex by the formation of bidentate ligand with Zn²⁺ in the solution and diminishes the reactivity of Zn metal cations. Concentration of EDTA in the mother solution was varied in different ranges like 3, 5 and 10 mM while retaining the zinc metal salt and the NaOH concentration the same. Three different morphologies of wurtzite structured ZnO nanostructures such as nanorods-bunch, separate/discrete uniformly sized hexagonal nanorods and tapered flower petals like shapes are achieved by 3, 5 and 10 mM strengths of EDTA, respectively. The medium concentration 5 mM of EDTA is found to have moderate control over producing ZnO nanostructures of uniform diameter and a high aspect (length to diameter) ratio. An array of vertically aligned free standing ZnO nanorods with uniform spacing is successfully achieved by the addition of 5 mM of EDTA in the mother solution and the same is studied for its fluorescence property at an excitation of 325 nm and it has exhibited a characteristic UV emission of ZnO around 383 nm.