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1.
Gabor Schmera Adi Bulsara David Pierson Frank Moss Enrico Di Cera 《Journal of statistical physics》1993,71(5-6):1179-1190
We consider the class of experiments which can be characterized by a Fokker-PIanck dynamics corresponding to the overdamped motion of a state point in a suitable stochastic potential. We assume that the general form of the potential is known (or can be guessed with reasonable accuracy), but that its parameters are to be determined experimentally by measurements made with a noisy instrument. This possible method for determining the potential parameters, which exploits the system's own internal stochastic motion in order to explore rapidly its available parameter space, is substantially more efficient than traditional methods involving time averages of single point measurements, and yet does not appear to have been previously considered. The method could be important when, for example, the experiment must be completed in a limited time owing either to the expense of the experimental materials or to the temporary stationarity of the preparation, situations which are commonly encountered in experimental biochemistry and biology. 相似文献
2.
[reaction: see text] Secondary alpha-lithiosulfinyl carbanions react either intermolecularly, after transmetalation into an organocopper derivative in an S(N)2-type process with zinc carbenoid, or intramolecularly via higher-order zincate to give, through a tandem zinc homologation-beta-elimination reaction the corresponding alkenes. alpha,alpha-Disubstituted alkenes are only formed from tertiary alpha-lithiosulfinyl carbanions via the 1,2-metalate rearrangement. 相似文献
3.
Block copolymer vesicles can be prepared in solution from a variety of different amphiphilic systems. Polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid), polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide), and many other block copolymer systems can produce vesicles of a wide range of sizes; those in the range of 100–1000 nm have been explored extensively. Different factors, such as the absolute and relative block lengths, the presence of additives (ions, homopolymers, and surfactants), the water content in the solvent mixture, the nature and composition of the solvent, the temperature, and the polydispersity of the hydrophilic block, provide control over the types of vesicles produced. Their high stability, resistance to many external stimuli, and ability to package both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds make them excellent candidates for use in the medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental fields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 923–938, 2004 相似文献
4.
Beam depletion spectroscopy has been used to measure absolute total inelastic electron-sodium cluster collision cross sections in the energy range fromE0.1 toE6 eV. The investigation focused on the closed shell clusters Na8, Na20, and Na40. The measured cross sections show an increase for the lowest collision energies where electron attachment is the primary scattering channel. The electron attachment cross section can be understood in terms of Langevin scattering, connecting this measurement with the polarizability of the cluster. For energies above the dissociation energy the measured electron-cluster cross section is energy independent, thus defining an electron-cluster interaction range. This interaction range increases with the cluster size. 相似文献
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Adi Wolfson Ivo F.J. Vankelecom Pierre A. Jacobs 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2005,690(15):3558-3566
When ionic liquids (ILs) are employed as solvents for transition metal complex (TMC) catalyzed reductions, a second solvent can be added to increase the efficiency of the catalytic cycle and the solubility of the reactant in the IL phase. Two industrially relevant asymmetric hydrogenations, the enantioselective reductions of methyl 2-acetamidoacrylate with Rh-EtDuPHOS and methyl acetoacetate with Ru-BINAP, were performed in different catalytic systems including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate/ tetrafluoroborate as ILs. Product separation and TMC recycling was performed by extracting the product from the reaction mixture. This can be accomplished by cooling the system, by adding an excess of the second solvent or by adding a third solvent. A high solubility of the second solvent in the IL catalytic phase favors the reaction activity, but can induce leaching of the IL and TMC. 相似文献
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An iterative method for the minimization of convex functions f :n , called a Newton Bracketing (NB) method, is presented. The NB method proceeds by using Newton iterations to improve upper and lower bounds on the minimum value. The NB method is valid for n = 1, and in some cases for n > 1 (sufficient conditions given here). The NB method is applied to large scale Fermat–Weber location problems. 相似文献
10.
A remarkable increase in catalytic activity and selectivity in the intramolecular Pauson-Khand reaction is observed for Co complexes, immobilised on second- and third-generation dendron-functionalized polystyrene, as compared with their analogues on non-dendronized support. 相似文献