Simple linear approximations to the likelihood equation for combining evidence in multiple 2×2 tables: A critique of conventional procedures

Summary The conventional procedures for a common odds ratio in multiple 2×2 tables are explored and critiqued. Three types of linear approximation to the likelihood equations under some models of common measures of association are used to derive the popular conventional estimators and test statistics. Some of them are derived using the model of the common standardized difference which is an unacceptable measure. The derivation provides us with some characteristics of the procedures. The advantages of procedures based on the conditional and unconditional likelihoods are discussed. The Institute of Statistical Mathematics     

Test of symmetry of a one-dimensional distribution against positive biasedness

Summary Definitions of different strengths are given to the notion of ‘a positively biased random variable’. This notion is related to that of ‘a stochastically larger component of a two-dimensional random vector’, which was introduced previously by the authors. Properties of common rank tests of symmetry about zero against our specification of alternatives are studied in detail. The positive biasedness is extended to ‘positively more biased’. Test of symmetry of a two-dimensional random vector is also referred to.     

Families of positively dependent random variables

Summary Possible definitions of positive dependence of random variables are systematically and exhaustively examined and previous results on this notion are improved. Three approaches to the definitions are proposed. They are similar to those given by the author and Sibuya in defining “stochastically larger component of a random vector.” Unbiasedness of rank tests of independence is treated. The Institute of Statistical Mathematics     

Detection of varicocele by using 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid human serum albumin (99mTc-DTPA human serum albumin)

In order to detect the varicocele, scrotal scintigraphies by using 99mTc-HSA-D were performed in 14 patients with male infertile or palpable mass in left scrotum on physical examinations. Abnormal pooling of 99mTc-HSA-D, indicative of varicocele lesion, could be found in left scrotum in 9 cases, confirmed surgically or clinically. Compared with 99mTc-HSA, 99mTc-HSA-D was superior in high uptake ratio of varicocele to soft tissue and in nonvisualization of bladder. Thus, 99mTc-HSA-D scrotal scintigraphy seemed to be of a great use to detect the varicocele.     

Visible-light-triggered release of nitric oxide from N-pyramidal nitrosamines

Although many organic/inorganic compounds that release nitric oxide (NO) upon photoirradiation (phototriggered caged-NOs) have been reported, their photoabsorption wavelengths mostly lie in the UV region, because X-NO bonds (X=heteroatom and metal) generally have rather strong π-bond character. Thus, it is intrinsically difficult to generate organic compounds that release NO under visible light irradiation. Herein, the structures and properties of N-pyramidal nitrosamine derivatives of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes that release NO under visible light irradiation are described. Bathochromic shifts of the absorptions of these nitrosamines, attributed to HOMO (n)-LUMO (π*) transitions associated with the nonplanar structure of the N-NO moiety, enable the molecules to absorb visible light, which results in N-NO bond cleavage. Thus, these compounds are innate organic caged-NOs that are uncaged by visible light.     

Fabrication of silver patterns on polyimide films based on solid-phase electrochemical constructive lithography using ion-exchangeable precursor layers

We report a fully additive-based electrochemical approach to the site-selective deposition of silver on a polyimide substrate. Using a cathode coated with ion-doped precursor polyimide layers, patterns of metal masks used as anodes were successfully reproduced at the cathode-precursor interface through electrochemical and ion-exchange reactions, which resulted in the generation of silver patterns on the polyimide films after subsequent annealing and removal from the substrate. Excellent interfacial adhesion was achieved through metal nanostructures consisting of interconnecting silver nanoparticles at the metal-polymer interface, which are electrochemically grown "in" the precursor layer. This approach is a resist- and etch-free process and thus provides an effective methodology toward lower-cost and high-throughput microfabrication.     

Synthesis of soluble quinacridones

The synthesis of 4,11-dialkylthioquinacridones and 5,12-dialkyl-4,11-dialkylthioquinacridone from o-alkylthioanilines and diethyl 2,5-dioxo-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate is described. These compounds are easily soluble in organic solvents in contrast to unsubstituted quinacridone.     

Self-organization and photoreactivity of anthryl dendron having perfluoroalkyl chains at the terminals

A newly designed anthryl dendron having perfluoroalkyl chains at terminals showed thermotropic liquid crystallinity, which was characterized using polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction. The anthryl dendron forms S_B phase at room temperature below 53 °C, at which temperature a phase transition to Col_rd takes place. In a fluorous solvent, regioselective photodimerization of the anthryl dendron occurred to give head-to-head photodimers, although photodimerization in the S_B phase and chloroform gave both head-to-head and head-to-tail photodimers.     

Self-assembly and regioselective photodimerization of anthracene having a dendritic substituent

[reaction: see text] Thermotropic liquid crystallinity can be induced for an anthracene having a dendritic substituent. The photodimerization reaction of an anthracene moiety in the smectic phase proceeded quantitatively and regioselectively.