The mechanism of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) formation in the solid state at low temperature

There is convincing evidence that the formation of complex organic molecules occurred in a variety of environments. One possible scenario highlights the universe as a giant reactor for the synthesis of organic complex molecules, which is confirmed by numerous identifications of interstellar molecules. Among them, precursors of biomolecules are of particular significance due to their exobiological implications, and some current targets concern their search in the interstellar medium as well as understanding the mechanisms of their formation. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C(6)H(12)N(4)) is one of these complex organic molecules and is of prime interest since its acid hydrolysis seems to form amino acids. In the present work, the mechanism for HMT formation at low temperature and pressure (i.e. resembling interstellar conditions) has been determined by combining experimental techniques and DFT calculations. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and mass spectrometry techniques have been used to follow experimentally the formation of HMT as well as its precursors from thermal reaction of NH(3):H(2)CO:HCOOH and CH(2)NH:HCOOH ice mixtures, from 20 K to 330 K. DFT calculations have been used to compute the mechanistic steps through which HMT can be formed starting from the experimental reactants observed in solid phase. The fruitful interplay between theory and experiment has allowed establishing that the mechanism in the solid state at low temperature is different from the one proposed in liquid phase, in which a new intermediate (1,3,5-triazinane, C(3)H(9)N(3)) has been identified. In the meantime, aminomethanol has been unambiguously confirmed as the first intermediate whereas the hypothesis of methylenimine as the second is further strengthened.     

Simultaneous optimization of classical objectives in JIT scheduling

Just-in-time production models have been developed in recent years in order to reduce costs of diversified small-lot productions. The methods aim at maintaining the production rate of each type of part as smooth as possible and therefore holding small inventory and shortage costs. Different ways of measuring the slack between a given schedule and the ideal no-inventory no-shortage production have been considered in the literature. This paper compares the three most studied objective functions and refutes several conjectures that have been formulated in the last few years.