The Order of Hypersubstitutions of Type （2, 2）

Hypersubstitutions are mappings which map operation symbols to terms of the corresponding arities. They were introduced as a way of making precise the concept of a hyperidentity and generalizations to M-hyperidentities. A variety in which every identity is satisfied as a hyperidentity is called solid. If every identity is an M-hyperidentity for a subset M of the set of all hypersubstitutions, the variety is called M-solid. There is a Galois connection between monoids of hypersubstitutions and sublattices of the lattice of all varieties of algebras of a given type. Therefore, it is interesting and useful to know how semigroup or monoid properties of monoids of hypersubstitutions transfer under this Galois connection to properties of the corresponding lattices of M-solid varieties. In this paper, we study the order of each hypersubstitution of type （2, 2）, i.e., the order of the cyclic subsemigroup generated by that hypersubstitution of the monoid of all hypersubstitutions of type （2, 2）. The main result is that the order is 1, 2, 3, 4 or infinite.     

On Ordered Semigroups Containing Covered Ideals

A proper ideal M of an ordered semigroup (S, ·, ≤) is said to be a covered ideal of S if M ? (S(S?M)S], i.e., if for any x in M, there exist a, c in S and b in S?M such that x ≤ abc. The purpose of this article is to study the structure of ordered semigroups containing covered ideals. The results obtained generalize the results on semigroups (without order) studied by Fabrici in 1984.