Heterogeneous photobleaching in confocal microscopy

Photobleaching was studied during recording of confocal scanning laser microscopy. Studies on fluorescent gels of FITC-labeled dextran were used to evaluate differential bleaching along thez-axis. Differential bleaching along the z-axis was observed and it was seen that this was related to the numerical aperture of the objective in use. This points to the conclusion that photon energy flux density is an important parameter in photobleaching. To check if photon energy flux density heterogeneity is affected by local variation in the refractive index of the sample, photobleaching rates were calculated for different fluorescent objects (sections of seeds, animal cells stained with nuclear stains, immunocytochemistry preparations) and a pronounced similarity was found between photobleaching rates and DIC images.     

Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐ethylene carbonate) macromonomers and their use in the preparation of crosslinked polymer electrolytes

Methacrylate‐functionalized poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐ethylene carbonate) macromonomers were prepared in two steps by the anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ethylene carbonate at 180 °C, with potassium methoxide as the initiator, followed by the reaction of the terminal hydroxyl groups of the polymers with methacryloyl chloride. The molecular weight of the polymer went through a maximum after approximately 45 min of polymerization, and the content of ethylene carbonate units in the polymer decreased with the reaction time. A polymer having a number‐average molecular weight of 2650 g mol^?1 and an ethylene carbonate content of 28 mol % was selected and used to prepare a macromonomer, which was subsequently polymerized by UV irradiation in the presence of different concentrations of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt. The resulting self‐supportive crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes reached ionic conductivities of 6.3 × 10^?6 S cm^?1 at 20 °C. The coordination of the lithium ions by both the ether and carbonate oxygens in the polymer structure was indicated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2195–2205, 2006     

Solvating,manipulating, damaging,and repairing DNA in a computer

This work highlights four different topics in modeling of DNA: (i) the importance of water and ions together with the structure and function of DNA; the hydration structure around the ions appears to be the determining factor in the ion coordination to DNA, as demonstrated in the results of our MD simulations; (ii) how MD simulations can be used to simulate single molecule manipulation experiments as a complement to reveal the structural dynamics of the studied biomolecules; (iii) how damaged DNA can be studied in computer simulations; and (iv) how repair of damaged DNA can be studied theoretically. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007     

Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of bisphosphine ligands bearing o-N,N-dimethylanilinyl substituents: a hint of catalytic olefin hydration

Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of the potentially hexadentate P,N-donor ligand family Ar2P-X-PAr2 (X = (CH2)2 [dmape], cyclic-C5H8 [dmapcp]; Ar = o-N,N-dimethylanilinyl) are described. In CH2Cl2, the dmape complexes exist as equilibrium mixtures of MCl2(P,P'-dmape) and [MCl(P,P',N-dmape)]Cl isomers (M = Pd, Pt), governed by deltaH(o) = -19 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1) and deltaS(o) = -100 +/- 30 J mol(-1) K(-1) for M = Pt, and deltaH(o) = -11 +/- 7 kJ mol(-1) and deltaS(o) = -60 +/- 20 J mol(-1) K(-1) for M = Pd. The water-soluble dmapcp complexes exist solely in the [MCl(P,P',N-dmapcp)]Cl form, but the free and coordinated anilinyl rings in these complexes are in slow diastereoselective exchange. X-ray crystal structures for MCl2(P,P'-dmape) (M = Pd, Pt), and the [PdCl(P,P',N-dmape)]+ and [PtCl(P,P',N-dmapcp)]+ cations, are presented. Some of the complexes show marginal activity in water for the catalyzed hydration of maleic to malic acid, giving about 6-7% conversion in 24 h at 100 degrees C and substrate:catalyst loadings of 100:1. Attempts to synthesize a PdCl(P,P',N-dmapm)+ species led instead to isolation of [Pd(mu-Cl)(P,P'-dmapm)]2[PF6]2 (dmapm = Ar2PCH2Ar2).     

An invariance principle for lattices of dependent random variables

Summary It is shown that for -mixing arrays of Banach space valued random vectors the central limit theorem implies the invariance principle. Applying this result to lattices of random variables a higher dimensional invariance principle under dependence assumptions is obtained.Dedicated to Professor Leopold Schmetterer     

Enumerating Perfect Matchings in n-Cubes

The perfect matchings in the n-cube have earlier been enumerated for n?≤?6. A dynamic programming approach is here used to obtain the total number of perfect matchings in the 7-cube, which is 391 689 748 492 473 664 721 077 609 089. The number of equivalence classes of perfect matchings is further shown to be 336 in the 5-cube, 356 788 059 in the 6-cube and 607 158 046 495 120 886 820 621 in the 7-cube. The techniques used can be generalized to arbitrary bipartite and general graphs.     

Classification of Graeco‐Latin Cubes

A q‐ary code of length n, size M, and minimum distance d is called an code. An code with is said to be maximum distance separable (MDS). Here one‐error‐correcting () MDS codes are classified for small alphabets. In particular, it is shown that there are unique (5, 5³, 3)₅ and (5, 7³, 3)₇ codes and equivalence classes of (5, 8³, 3)₈ codes. The codes are equivalent to certain pairs of mutually orthogonal Latin cubes of order q, called Graeco‐Latin cubes.     

Toeplitz-Folgen und Gruppentranslationen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Inadequacy of perfect-reflector models in cavity QED for systems with low-frequency excitations

It is shown that the model of perfectly reflecting boundaries widely employed in cavity QED is unsuitable for systems that have long-wavelength excitations. A prime example is a free charged particle near a reflecting wall. Modeling the wall as perfectly reflecting from the outset ignores evanescent waves that couple to the particle through virtual excitations at low energies, which can lead to errors in order of magnitude and even sign. The example of a free electron near an imperfectly reflecting wall characterized by a constant frequency-independent refractive index n is investigated in detail by determining its energy shift relative to an electron in vacuum through both nonrelativistic and relativistic calculations.     

Improved Bounds for Ternary Linear Codes of Dimension 8 Using Tabu Search

In this paper, new codes of dimension 8 are presented which give improved bounds on the maximum possible minimum distance of ternary linear codes. These codes belong to the class of quasi-twisted (QT) codes, and have been constructed using a stochastic optimization algorithm, tabu search. Twenty three codes are given which improve or establish the bounds for ternary codes. In addition, a table of upper and lower bounds for d ₃(n, 8) is presented for n 200.