Convex hull of two quadratic or a conic quadratic and a quadratic inequality

Mathematical Programming - In this paper we consider an aggregation technique introduced by Yıldıran (J Math Control Inf 26:417–450, 2009) to study the convex hull of regions...     

Zinc and copper oxide nanoparticles decrease synaptosomal glutamate uptake: an in vitro study

Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered as an important environmental risk factor for cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent evidences have reported a glutamatergic system response against air-borne NPs. Zinc and copper oxides (ZnO and CuO) NPs are the most common metal oxide NPs in industries. The effects of these NPs on hippocampal voltage-dependent ion channels and spatial cognition have been previously studied. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effects of ZnO and CuO NPs on glutamatergic synapse neurotransmission in central nervous system. In the present study, the effects of ZnO and CuO NPs on glutamate (Glu) release and uptake have been investigated in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Our findings have shown that, even in high doses of ZnO and CuO NPs, no significant effect on Glu release is observed. However, a decrease has been observed in uptake of Glu. Hence, ZnO and CuO NPs can be considered as hazardous agents inducing neurodegenerative disorders through Glu excitotoxicity.