A tertiary hydroxy group α to a carboxyl moiety comprises a key structural motif in many bioactive substances. With the herein presented metal‐free rearrangement of imides triggered by hypervalent λ3‐iodane, an easy and selective way to gain access to such a compound class, namely α,α‐disubstituted‐α‐hydroxy carboxylamides, was established. Their additional methylene bromide side chain constitutes a useful handle for rapid diversification, as demonstrated by a series of further functionalizations. Moreover, the in situ formation of an iodine(III) species under the reaction conditions was proven. Our findings clearly corroborate that hypervalent λ3‐benziodoxolones are involved in these organocatalytic reactions. 相似文献
The number-phase uncertainty relations arerevisited in view of the recent discovery of a propercovariant phase observable. The high-amplitude limits ofthe coherent-state expectations of the moment operators of the phase observable are determined and thebehavior of the number-phase uncertainty product in thatlimit is investigated. 相似文献
A model for parallel and distributed programs, the dynamic process graph (DPG), is investigated under graph-theoretic and complexity aspects. Such graphs embed constructors for parallel programs, synchronization mechanisms as well as conditional branches. They are capable of representing all possible executions of a parallel or distributed program in a very compact way. The size of this representation can be as small as logarithmic with respect to the size of any execution of the program.
In a preceding paper [A. Jakoby, et al., Scheduling dynamic graphs, in: Proc. 16th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects in Computer Science STACS'99, LNCS, vol. 1563, Springer, 1999, pp. 383–392] we have analysed the expressive power of the general model and various variants of it. We have considered the scheduling problem for DPGs given enough parallelism taking into account communication delays between processors when exchanging data. Given a DPG the question arises whether it can be executed (that means whether the corresponding parallel program has been specified correctly), and what is its minimum schedule length.
In this paper we study a subclass of dynamic process graphs called
-output DPGs, which are appropriate in many situations, and investigate their expressive power. In a previous paper we have shown that the problem to determine the minimum schedule length is still intractable for this subclass, namely this problem is
-complete as is the general case. Here we will investigate structural properties of the executions of such graphs. A natural graph-theoretic conjecture that executions must always split into components that are isomorphic to subgraphs turns out to be wrong. We are able to prove a weaker property. This implies a quadratic upper bound on the schedule length that may be necessary in the worst case, in contrast to the general case, where the optimal schedule length may be exponential with respect to the size of the representing DPG. Making this bound constructive, we obtain an approximation to a
-complete problem. Computing such a schedule and then executing the program can be done on a parallel machine in polynomial time in a highly distributive fashion. 相似文献
A two-fraction model that makes it possible to calculate analytically the complex dielectric permittivity of ice in the far infrared and submillimeter wavelength ranges is proposed. The librational and vibrational fractions are considered. The first fraction, consisting of rigid dipoles executing anharmonic reorientations in defects of the structure, gives rise to the librational band of ice at 800 cm?1. The second fraction consists of elastically vibrating oppositely charged H-bonded molecules. This fraction describes two bands of ice in the range 100–300 cm?1, and the nonresonant background of dielectric losses in the submillimeter wavelength range. The dielectric permittivity spectra of ice calculated for the temperature of ?7°C are consistent with the experimental spectra. The spectra of ice at the temperature ?30°C are predicted. 相似文献
Various approaches and standards for transferring mathematical objects between different computer programs in multimedia environment in the framework of the OpenMath project are described. The use of these standards might revolutionize the exchange of mathematical information caused by the development of computer algebra tools and telecommunication possibilities. The standards make it possible to create databases and easily save and use mathematical objects obtained in different applications, e.g., to exchange the data obtained in different computer algebra systems and place information on the Internet. Bibliography: 9 titles. 相似文献
Properties of a four-level atomic system interacting with one and two modes of the electromagneticfield in a “Ξ”-configuration are investigated. By linearization of the Hamiltonians we show that the corresponding mathematical models are exactly solvable. To obtain simpler effective Hamiltonians the perturbative method of multiple scales is applied. The lowest-order corrections to the resulting effective evolution operators are also calculated. 相似文献
The structure of a trifluoromethanesulfonate salt of a nontypical triply protonated linear tetramine, C7H23N43+·3CF3SO3−, with a layered crystal structure is presented. One N atom remains unprotonated. The conformation of the cation is enforced by intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is built of ca 10 Å deep layers, within which cations and anions are hydrogen bonded. Each layer is only weakly bound to its neighbours. This study shows a rare example of an unsymmetrically protonated polyamine and the relation between the lack of protonation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding and the conformation of the cation. 相似文献