SOCRATES: A system for scheduling hydroelectric generation under uncertainty

The Pacific Gas and Electric Company, the largest investor-owned energy utility in the United States, obtains a significant fraction of its electric energy and capacity from hydrogeneration. Although hydro provides valuable flexibility, it is subject to usage limits and must be carefully scheduled. In addition, the amount of energy available from hydro varies widely from year to year, depending on precipitation and streamflows. Optimal scheduling of hydrogeneration, in coordination with other energy sources, is a stochastic problem of practical significance to PG&E. SOCRATES is a system for the optimal scheduling of PG&E's various energy sources over a one- to two-year horizon. This paper concentrates on the component of SOCRATES that schedules hydro. The core is a stochastic optimization model, solved using Benders decomposition. Additional components are streamflow forecasting models and a database containing hydrological information. The stochastic hydro scheduling module of SOCRATES is undergoing testing in the user's environment, and we expect PG&E hydrologists and hydro schedulers to place progressively more reliance upon it.     

Different Dimensionalities,Morphological Advancements and Engineering of g-C3N4-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has gained tremendous interest in the sector of power transformation and retention, because of its distinctive stacked composition, adjustable electronic structure, metal-free feature, superior thermodynamic durability, and simple availability. Furthermore, the restricted illumination and extensive recombination of photoexcitation electrons have inhibited the photocatalytic performance of pure g-C₃N₄. The dimensions of g-C₃N₄ may impact the field of electronics confinement; as a consequence, g-C₃N₄ with varying dimensions shows unique features, making it appropriate for a number of fascinating uses. Even if there are several evaluations emphasizing on the fabrication methods and deployments of g-C₃N₄, there is certainly an insufficiency of a full overview, that exhaustively depicts the synthesis and composition of diverse aspects of g-C₃N₄. Consequently, from the standpoint of numerical simulations and experimentation, several legitimate methodologies were employed to deliberately develop the photocatalyst and improve the optimal result, including elements loading, defects designing, morphological adjustment, and semiconductors interfacing. Herein, this evaluation initially discusses different dimensions, the physicochemical features, modifications and interfaces design development of g-C₃N₄. Emphasis is given to the practical design and development of g-C₃N₄ for the various power transformation and inventory applications, such as photocatalytic H₂ evolution, photoreduction of CO₂ source, electrocatalytic H₂ evolution, O₂ evolution, O₂ reduction, alkali-metal battery cells, lithium-ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and metal-air batteries. Ultimately, the current challenges and potential of g-C₃N₄ for fuel transformation and retention activities are explored.