High Frequency and High Mode Purity Operations of Gyrotron FU IVA

The cavity of the newest gyrotron, Gyrotron FU IVA in the high frequency series of Fukui University gyrotrons (the Gyrotron FU series) is designed to minimize the mode conversion from the main cavity mode to the higher modes. In this paper, the experimental results are compared with simulations for the complete gyrotron oscillator. The gyrotron has an additional advantage to cover the wide frequency range in submillimeter wave region.     

Self consistent theory for gyrotrons including effect of voltage depression

The effect of the voltage depression due to space charge on the beam parameters in a gyrotron is investigated. Although the voltage depression can be compensated to some extent by increasing the beam voltage, some loss of efficiency is to be expected, especially in the case of high currents and volume modes.     

Complete suppression of neoclassical tearing modes with current drive at the electron-cyclotron-resonance frequency in ASDEX upgrade tokamak

Noninductive current drive has been performed in the tokamak ASDEX upgrade by injection of radiofrequency waves at the second harmonic of the electron-cyclotron frequency in order to suppress unwanted disturbances of the magnetic-field configuration. The current has been driven parallel [co-electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD)] and antiparallel (counter-ECCD) to the plasma current to compare the effect of heating with direct current drive in the magnetic island. For the first time it has been shown experimentally that total stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes is possible with co-ECCD. The experiments verify the role of direct current drive as opposed to local heating.     

Computation of total,differential and double-differential cross sections for compound nuclear reactions of the type (a,b γ) and (a,b γ−γ)

Zusammenfassung Zur vollautomatischen Berechnung von totalen, differentiellen und doppeldifferentiellen Wirkungsquerschnitten im Falle von Kernreaktionen des Typus (a, b, ) und (a, b –) wurden Programme in der ALGOL-64-Sprache aufgestellt, die für einen schnellen Computer, wie die CDC 1604-A, geeignet sind. Wie hier beschrieben, liefern sie entsprechende Winkelverteilungen und Winkelkorrelationen in absoluter und normierter Form für Reaktionen, bei denen Spin-1/2-Teilchena (z. B. Nukleonen) mit willkürlichem Bahndrehimpuls von einem Targetkern (dessen Spin im Grundzustand ganz- oder halbzahlig sein darf) aufgefangen werden, unter Bildung eines kurzlebigen Zwischenkernes, dessen Energieniveaus ein statistisches Quasi-Kontinuum bilden, und der unter Emission von Spin-1/2-Teilchenb mit beliebigem Bahndrehimpuls in einen angeregten Zustand eines Restkerns zerfällt. Die Programme ermöglichen es, weitere Ausgangskanäle des Zwischenzustandes sowie gemischte Multipolarität beim -Zerfall des Restkerns zu berücksichtigen; ferner können sie, durch Wahl geeigneter Transmissionskoeffizienten, den Einfluss einer Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung miteinschliessen. Sie dienen weiter zur Berechnung des Beitrages weiterer -Kaskaden durch die Behandlung von Fällen der Art (a, b ₁– ₁), bei denen der ₁ unbeobachtet bleibt, während ₂ beobachtet wird. Bei der Winkelverteilung von -übergangsstrahlung gemischter Multipolarität werden normierte, wie auch absolute Entwicklungskoeffizienten der Legendre-Polynomreihe für reine Multipolarität und für gemischte Multipolarität mit einem vorgegebenen Mischungsverhältnis berechnet. Ferner wird ein weiterer Satz von Mischungsverhältnissen behandelt, was zur Bestimmung unbekannter Verhältnisse oder Spin-Paritäts-Zuordnungen eines Kernzustands führen kann.Weitere Möglichkeiten im Falle von Teilchen- und/oder -Verteilungen (wenn die letzteren keinen unbeobachteten -Übergang einschliessen) wurden eingebaut, die automatisch eine systematische Änderung des Spins (mit positiverund negativer Parität) des durch die austretenden Teilchenb bevölkerten Niveaus für irgendeine anfängliche Spin-Sequenz durchführen. Weitere schnelle Computer-Programme, die mit den obigen verwandt sind, werden zusammenfassend diskutiert.     

Analysis of a Complete Gyrotron Oscillator Using the Scattering Matrix Description

Complete harmonic gyrotron oscillators in axial arrangement including cavity, uptapers, collector waveguide and output window have been numerically simulated using a scattering matrix resonator code. The output mode purity and the influence of window reflections on the performance of a step-tunable, very high frequency gyrotron, Gyrotron FU IV A, at Fukui University was analyzed.     

Improved gyrotron cavity with high quality factor

For gyrotrons operating at the second harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency cavities with high quality factors are needed. Up to now steep output tapers or abrupt output irises are used in order to provide a high reflection coefficient. Such circuits suffer from the problem of strong conversion to unwanted output modes. A promising possibility to achieve a high reflection at the cavity output (and thus a high quality factor) combined with high mode purity is the use of a rounded iris and an optimized nonlinear taper with very low unwanted mode conversion at the output of the resonator.     

NEW FREQUENCY STEP-TUNABLE ECRH SYSTEM FOR ASDEX UPGRADE

A new broadband ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) system is currently under construction at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. This system will employ multi-frequency gyrotrons step-tunable in the range 105–140 GHz. In its final stage the system will consist of 4 gyrotrons with a total power of 4 MW and a pulse length of 10 s. It employs a fast steerable launcher for feedback controlled deposition that allows for poloidal steering of 10° within 100 ms. Transmission line elements, such as corrugated waveguides, polarizer mirrors and vacuum windows, are designed to cope for this frequency band.     

Deposition and characterization of thin boron-carbide coatings

Summary Thin boron-carbide films were deposited using a PACVD process on Si substrates at room temperature. Various mixtures of B₂H₆/He and CH₄, as well as the less hazardous B(CH₃)₃, have been used as process gases. The composition of the deposited films has been correlated with the B₂H₆/He/CH₄ mixture used. When using B(CH₃)₃, the coatings were found to be slightly boron enriched compared to the gas phase stoichiometry. In both cases oxygen contaminants were additionally found (up to 5 at %) in the films. Most of the oxygen was incorporated from the residual gas at the beginning of the deposition. The coatings were hard and showed good adherence to the substrate; no film peel-off was observed after exposure to air. The films have been characterized, in-situ, by electron spectroscopy (XPS, UPS, AES), and by other methods (AES depth profiling, SEM, -step).     

Cross and Crucible: Alchemy in the Theology of Paracelsus

Paracelsus was not only a reformer of medicine with a preference for medical alchemy, but also emerged as a radical church reformer. However, he only rarely used the imagery of alchemy as a parable for theological salvation. Fire as the driving force for every alchemical process was also suitable as an image for the purification of souls. A central idea of alchemy, to transfer a substance from its still impure original state into the purified final state, was very much in line with Paracelsus’s doctrine of the Last Supper, according to which the mortal human who had descended from Adam is to be brought to a new birth through baptism with the Holy Spirit. As an alchemist, Paracelsus was keenly interested in the transfiguration of Christ, which he first explained alchemically, but later magically, probably according to the model of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.