Integrated production of ethanol fuel and protein from Coastal Bermudagrass

The herbaceous crops that may provide fermentable carbohydrates for production of fuels and chemicals also contain 10–20% protein. Protein coproduction with biomass-derived fuels and chemicals has important advantages: (1) food and fuel production can be integrated, and (2) protein is a high-value product that may significantly improve overall process economics. We report the results of an integrated approach to producing protein and fermentable sugars from one herbaceous species, Coastal Bermudagrass (CBG). The ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) process makes possible over 90% conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars (about 650 mg reducing sugars/g dry CBG) at 5 IU cellulase/g vs < 20% conversion for untreated CBG. The AFEX treatment also improves protein extraction from CBG; over 80% protein recovery is possible from AFEX-treated CBG vs about 30% recovery from untreated CBG.     

Primitive Representations by Spinor Genera of Ternary Quadratic Forms

Let a be primitively represented by the genus of a ternary quadraticlattice L defined over the ring of integers of an algebraicnumber field F. Criteria to determine whether a is primitivelyrepresented by every spinor genus in the genus of L involvecertain subgroups *(L_p, a) of the multiplicative groups of thelocalizations F_p of F with respect to the various nonarchimedeanprime spots p on F. In this paper these groups *(L_p, a) aredetermined explicitly for nondyadic and 2-adic prime spots.Examples are given which show how this information can, in someinstances, be used in combination with known results, to determineall integers primitively represented by a particular positivedefinite ternary quadratic form.     

Reactions of methylated cyclopropanes and olefins with chloroplatinic acid. I. Diacylation and pyrylium ion formation

In contrast to cyclopropane itself, simple methyl-substituted cyclopropanes do not produce platinum insertion products upon reaction with chloroplatinic acid in acetic anhydride. Instead, the major products are aromatic heterocyclic cations, the pyrylium ions, which are formed as the result of diacylation of the cyclopropane ring and subsequent dehydration and ring closure to the aromatic heterocycle. Similar products are formed from the diacylation of certain olefins in the presence of chloroplatinic acid in anhydride solvents. The combination of solvent and substrate variations has led to a proposed mechanism for these reactions which demonstrates the essential and unique mole of platinum. In particular, the specific pyrylium ions produced are formed as a consequence of initial activation of the least-substituted cyclopropane ring bond by insertion of platinum, followed by acylation of platinum-bonded carbon, proton loss to a β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl, a second acylation, and, finally, ring closure.     

Represented value sets for integral binary quadratic forms and lattices

A characterization is given for the integral binary quadratic forms for which the set of represented values is closed under products. It is also proved that for an integral binary quadratic lattice over a Dedekind domain, the product of three values represented by the form is again a value represented by the form. This generalizes the trigroup property observed by V. Arnold in the case of integral binary quadratic forms.

     

Universal binary Hermitian forms

We will determine (up to equivalence) all of the integral positive definite Hermitian lattices in imaginary quadratic fields of class number 1 that represent all positive integers.

     

Reactions of methylated cyclopropanes and olefins with chloroplatinic acid II. Monoacylation and the formation of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl complexes of platinum dichloride

Upon reaction with chloroplatinic acid in acid anhydride solvents, several methyl-substituted cyclopropanes and olefins form platinum dichloride adducts of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyls in which the ligand is bound to platinum through both the olefin π-system and a lone pair on the carbonyl oxygen. The cyclopropane reactions are shown to proceed initial isomerization to an olefin, followed by acylation and proton loss. The stereochemistry of the products is shown to be dependent upon the substitution on the carbons α and β to the carbonyl, and in the case where both the α- and β-carbons are methyl-substituted a single conformation cf the product is isolated.     

Template-Assembled Synthetic Proteins (TASP). Cyclic Templates with Incorporated Turn-Inducing Mimics

The 8-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid ( 1 ), 8-(aminomethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-2-oic acid ( 2 ), and 8-(aminomethyl)naphth-2-oic acid ( 3 ) were synthesized in their protected forms as turn-inducing dipeptide mimics. Two of them ( 2 and 3 ) were incorporated into a novel type of cyclic, peptide-based structures (see 21 and 34 – 36 ) designed as templates for the synthesis of TASP molecules.     

Preliminary round-robin studies on the ICTAC certified reference materials for DTA

The ICTAC Committee on Standardisation has formed a Task Group to investigate the suitability of the ICTAC Certified Reference Materials for DTA, covering the temperature range 450°–1100°C, for accurate temperature calibration purposes and to evaluate their potential as enthalpy calibrants for DTA and DSC equipment. This paper reports the results of preliminary round-robin studies on barium carbonate and strontium carbonate, using a dual-point calibration method based on the melting points of aluminium and gold. In addition the fusion of ICTAC potassium sulphate has been investigated as a possible calibration transition.