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In this work,we describe two synthetic procedures for preparing palladium doped 25-atom nanoclusters (referred to as Pd1Au24(SR)18,where ― SR represents thiolate,R=C2H4Ph).Pure Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanoclusters are isolated by solvent extraction and size exclusion chromatography.Mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster adopts the same core-shell structure as that of the homogold Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster,that is,a Pd-or Au-centered icosahedron surrounded by six Au2(SR)3 "staple"-like motifs.Similar doping behavior has also been observed in 38-atom M38(SR)24 (M:metal) nanoclusters,indicating the unique behavior of Pd dopant being preferentially located in the icosahedral center.The catalytic activity of Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 has also been evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketone (e.g.,benzalacetone) to α,β-unsaturated alcohol,and a 42% conversion of benzalacetone is attained. 相似文献
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DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL FOR INVESTIGATING AGRICULTURALLY DRIVEN LAND TRANSFORMATION IN THE NORTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES
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BENJAMIN L. TURNER MELISSA WUELLNER TIMOTHY NICHOLS ROGER GATES LUIS O. TEDESCHI BARRY H. DUNN 《Natural Resource Modeling》2016,29(2):179-228
Land transformation from grassland to cropland in the Northern Great Plains (NGP) has become a growing concern among many stakeholders. A growing body of work has sought to determine the amount and rate of land use change with less emphasis on the systemic structures or feedback processes of land use decisions. This paper presents the development of a system dynamics simulation model to integrate ecological, economic, and social components influencing land use decisions, including cattle ranching, cropland production, rural communities, land quality, and public policies. Evaluation indicated that the model satisfactorily predicted historical land, agricultural commodity, and rural community data from the model structure. Reference modes for key variables, including the farmland area, were characterized by a bias correction of 0.999, root mean squared error of prediction of 0.053, R2 of 0.921, and concordance correlation coefficient of 0.0959. The model was robust under extreme and varying sensitivity tests, as well as adequately predicting land use under changing system context. The model's major contributions were the inclusion of decision‐making feedbacks from economic and social signals with connectivity to land quality and elasticity values that drive land transformation. Limitations include lack of spatial input and output capabilities useful for visual interfacing. 相似文献
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LAURA P. LEITES GERALD E. REHFELDT ANDREW P. ROBINSON NICHOLAS L. CROOKSTON BARRY JAQUISH 《Natural Resource Modeling》2012,25(3):409-433
Abstract. Under projected changes in global climate, the growth and survival of existing forests will depend on their ability to adjust physiologically in response to environmental change. Quantifying their capacity to adjust and whether the response is species‐ or population‐specific is important to guide forest management strategies. New analyses of historic provenance tests data are yielding relevant insights about these responses. Yet, differences between the objectives used to design the experiments and current objectives impose limitations to what can be learned from them. Our objectives are (i) to discuss the possibilities and limitations of using such data to quantify growth responses to changes in climate and (ii) to present a modeling approach that creates a species‐ and population‐specific model. We illustrate the modeling approach for Larix occidentalis Nutt. We conclude that the reanalysis of historic provenance tests data can lead to the identification of species that have population‐specific growth responses to changes in climate, provide estimates of optimum transfer distance for populations and species, and provide estimates of growth changes under different climate change scenarios. Using mixed‐effects modeling techniques is a sound statistical approach to overcome some of the limitations of the data. 相似文献
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In this work, we describe two synthetic procedures for preparing palladium doped 25-atom nanoclusters (referred to as Pd1Au24(SR)18, where ―SR represents thiolate, R=C2H4Ph). Pure Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanoclusters are isolated by solvent extraction and size exclusion chromatography. Mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy analyses demonstrate that the Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster adopts the same core-shell structure as that of the homogold Au25(SC2H4Ph)18 nanocluster, that is, a Pd- or Au-centered icosahedron surrounded by six Au2(SR)3 “staple”-like motifs. Similar doping behavior has also been observed in 38-atom M38(SR)24 (M: metal) nanoclusters, indicating the unique behavior of Pd dopant being preferentially located in the icosahedral center. The catalytic activity of Pd1Au24(SC2H4Ph)18 has also been evaluated for the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated ketone (e.g., benzalacetone) to α,β- unsaturated alcohol, and a 42% conversion of benzalacetone is attained. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. How can one manage wildlife under a suite of competing values? In isolation, the ecological economics of native wildlife harvest, threatened species conservation and control of exotic species are all well established sub‐disciplines of wildlife management. However, the wild banteng (Bos javanicus) population of northern Australia represents an interesting combination of these aspirations. A native bovid of Southeast Asia now ‘endangered’ in its native range, banteng were introduced into northern Australia in 1849. Today, a population of 8,000–10,000 resides on one small, isolated peninsula in western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory and is harvested by both recreational (trophy) and aboriginal subsistence hunters. Indigenous, industry and conservationist stakeholders differ in their requirements for population management. Here we analyze the ecological and economic costs/benefits of a series of potential harvest management options for Australia's banteng population, with the aim being either to: (1) maximize sustainable yield (MSY); (2) maximize harvest of trophy males; (3) maximize indigenous off‐take; (4) suppress density or completely eradicate the population; (5) minimize risk of extinction whilst limiting range expansion; (6) scenarios incorporating two or more of options 1–5. The modeling framework employed stochastic, density‐regulated matrix population models with life‐history parameters derived from (i) allometric relationships (for estimating rmax, generation length, fecundity and densities for a banteng‐sized mammal) and (ii) measured vital rates for wild and captive banteng and other Bos spp. For each management option, we present a simple economic analysis that incorporates estimated costs of management implementation and associated profits projected. Results demonstrate that revenue of >Ä$200,000 is possible from meat production and safari hunting without compromising long‐term population stability or the conservation status of this endangered bovid. 相似文献
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