Limit for pulse compression by pulse splitting

We have detected a fundamental pulse-compression limit for high-nonlinear fibers in the normal dispersion regime near the zero-dispersion wavelength. The desired generation of a broadband continuum by self-phase modulation is limited by already small amounts of third-order dispersion (TOD), which results in pulse splitting above a critical pulse power. We investigate the critical fiber length in dependence on pulse- and fiber parameters.     

Decompositions of some weaker forms of continuity

The aim of this paper is to give decompositions of some weaker forms of continuity using the concepts of classes B ₁, B ₂, B ₃, αA and αC introduced by ourselves.     

Enantioselective reduction of ketones with borane catalyzed by cyclic β- amino alcohols prepared from proline

New catalysts have been prepared from (S)- and (R)- proline and the asymmetric borane reduction of prochiral ketones using these catalysts has been studied. The secondary alcohols were obtained in 76–95% yield with 57– 96% enantiomeric excesses.     

Protonation of acyl anion equivalents generated from acylphosphonates: nonhydride access to the aldehyde oxidation state from the carboxylic acid oxidation state

Acylphosphonates, which are easily available from carboxylic acids, are potent acyl anion precursors and undergo cyanide ion promoted phosphonate-phosphate rearrangement to provide the corresponding acyl anion equivalents as reactive intermediates. The protonation of these acyl anion equivalents furnished cyanohydrin O-phosphates in good yields. For the high yield formation of cyanohydrin O-phosphates from arylphosphonates THF should be used and from alkylphosphonates DME was used.     

Selective one-pot synthesis of substituted pyrrole-3-phosphonates from α-cyanomethyl-β-ketoesters

A one-step synthesis of 5-alkoxypyrrole-3-phosphonates is presented starting from suitable α-cyanomethyl-β-ketophosphonates. The key step in the synthesis involves a one-pot addition and heteroannulation sequence. The zinc perchlorate-catalyzed addition of alcohols to the nitrile carbon of α-cyanomethyl-β-ketophosphonates followed by annulation furnished 5-alkoxypyrrole-3-phosphonates. The addition-annulation process is carried out in the presence of water and 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-pyrrole-3-phosphonates (pyrrolinones) are obtained in good yields.     

Computation of Rotation Matrices Making Lined‐Up to the Local Cartesian Coordinates

Rotation matrices were expressed in terms of Gaunt coefficients and complex spherical harmonics. The rotation matrices were calculated using two different ways. In the first, Gaunt coefficients and normalized complex spherical harmonics were directly calculated using binomial coefficients; in the second, Gaunt coefficients and complex spherical harmonics were recursively calculated. The methods were compared with respect to accuracy and computation time (CPU) for low and very high quantum numbers.     

Synthesis of a bipyridine-derived achiral thiourea trifluoromethanesulfonic acid salt and its application as an additive in organocatalytic asymmetric reactions

The host–guest complex of a proline–thiourea bipyridine trifluoromethanesulfonic acid salt can catalyze organocatalytic asymmetric reactions such as aldol, Michael, and Mannich in polar protic medium with high stereoselectivities. The privileged bipyridine backbone and the thiourea motif are essential to the activity and enantioselectivity through hydrogen bonding interactions.     

Investigation of proton conductivity of anhydrous proton exchange membranes prepared via grafting vinyltriazole onto alkaline‐treated PVDF

This work uses a simple “grafting through” approach in the preparation of anhydrous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐g‐PVTri polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs). Alkaline‐treated PVDF was used as a macromolecule in conjunction with vinyltriazole in the graft copolymerization. The obtained polymer was subsequently doped with triflic acid (TA) at different stoichiometric ratios with respect to triazole units and the anhydrous PEMs (PVDF‐g‐PVTri‐(TA)_x) were prepared. All samples were characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The composition of PVDF‐g‐PVTri was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the membranes were examined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The surface roughness and morphology of the membranes were studied using atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. PVDF‐g‐PVTri‐(TA)₃ (C3‐TA₃) with a degree of grafting of 47.22% showed a maximum proton conductivity of 0.09 S cm^?1 at 150 °C and anhydrous conditions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1885–1897     

Study of asymmetric aldol and Mannich reactions catalyzed by proline–thiourea host–guest complexes in nonpolar solvents

A proline–thiourea host–guest complex has been described as a good catalyst for asymmetric reactions such as aldol and Mannich reactions. High stereoselectivities were obtained under optimal conditions. Thiourea was observed to have an important effect on the reactivity and selectivity, even in an unconventional nonpolar reaction medium and without the need to utilize low temperatures. This proline–thiourea host–guest system has the ability to participate in a hydrogen bonding network.     

Identification of radical structures on 1‐pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide exposed to gamma rays: an EPR study

1‐Pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and their Ag⁺ complexes were synthesized and their polycrystal forms were produced by recrystallization in dichloromethane/Et₂O solvent system. Structural determinations were carried out by ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR with a Varian 400 NMR system using tetramethylsilane as internal standard and CDCl₃ as solvent. The disappearance of acidic N‐heterocyclic carbene proton showed the formation of Ag(I) complexes. Also, elemental analyses were carried out. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements were performed to determine the formed radical structure on the samples irradiated at the room temperature for 72 h by using ⁶⁰Co‐source with dose rate of 0.680 kGy. The EPR measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 200 K–450 K. Identical radicals were determined on the irradiated compounds. It was observed that the shapes of the spectra of the samples were independent of the temperature but, the resonance line intensities changed linearly with the temperature. Also, it was detected that the free radical on the 1‐pentamethylbenzyl‐3‐ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide is not stable compared to that on the 1,3‐bis(pentamethylbenzyl)‐4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.