Direct visualization of the nanoscopic three‐phase structure and stiffness of NBR/PVC blends by AFM nanomechanical mapping

The PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping based on atomic force microscope (AFM) is employed to first visualize and then quantify the elastic properties of a model nitrile rubber/poly(vinyl chloride) (NBR/PVC) blend at the nanoscale. This method allows us to consistently observe the changes in mechanical properties of each phase in polymer blends. Beyond measuring and discriminating elastic modulus and adhesion forces of each phase, we tune the AFM tips and the peak force parameters in order to reliably image samples. In view of viscoelastic difference in each phase, a three‐phase coexistence of an unmixed NBR phase, the mixed phase, and PVC microcrystallites is directly visualized in NBR/PVC blends. The nanomechanical investigation is also capable of recognizing the crosslinked rubber phase in cured rubber. The contribution of the mixed phase was quantified and it was found that the mechanical properties of blends are mainly determined by the homogeneity and stiffness of the mixed phase. This study furthers our understanding the structure–mechanical property relationship of thermoplastic elastomers, which is important for their potential design and applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 662–669     

厚高阶光学非线性介质Z扫描的变分法分析

利用变分法对具有五阶光学非线性介质的Z扫描特性进行了研究。通过比较，发现当介质在具有较大的五阶非线性系数或较大光强的情况下，五阶非线性项的作用是不可忽略的。这对光限制器的设计和Z扫描实验都具有一定的指导意义。     

具有两层基片的微带线的混合模分析

给出了有两层基片的微带线与频率有关的混合模分析，应用傅里叶交换域分析及新的矩阵研究推导出色散特性．除了波导波长以外，还根据功率一电流的定义计算了特征阻抗，波导波长和特征阻抗与频率的关系及其数据值结果，并将其与有关文献的结果相比较，其一致性很好．     

Cation-pi interactions with a model for the side chain of tryptophan: structures and absolute binding energies of alkali metal cation-indole complexes

Threshold collision-induced dissociation techniques are employed to determine bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of mono- and bis-complexes of alkali metal cations, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, with indole, C8H7N. The primary and lowest energy dissociation pathway in all cases is endothermic loss of an intact indole ligand. Sequential loss of a second indole ligand is observed at elevated energies for the bis-complexes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G level of theory are used to determine the structures, vibrational frequencies, and rotational constants of these complexes. Theoretical BDEs are determined from single point energy calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) level using the B3LYP/6-31G* geometries. The agreement between theory and experiment is very good for all complexes except Li+ (C8H7N), where theory underestimates the strength of the binding. The trends in the BDEs of these alkali metal cation-indole complexes are compared with the analogous benzene and naphthalene complexes to examine the influence of the extended pi network and heteroatom on the strength of the cation-pi interaction. The Na+ and K+ binding affinities of benzene, phenol, and indole are also compared to those of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan to elucidate the factors that contribute to the binding in complexes to the aromatic amino acids. The nature of the binding and trends in the BDEs of cation-pi complexes between alkali metal cations and benzene, phenol, and indole are examined to help understand nature's preference for engaging tryptophan over phenylalanine and tyrosine in cation-pi interactions in biological systems.     

Syntheses of 2-arylated 1-benzazocines via Beckmann rearrangement

One-step and highly efficient syntheses of 2-aryl-1-benzazocines via Beckmann rearrangement of 5H-benzocyclohepten-5-one oxime mesylates in dry toluene was described, in which aryl Grignard reagents were used for the first time to induce Beckmann rearrangement directly without any additional protic agents. Iodotrimethylsilane was also employed to promote Beckmann rearrangement of the mesylates, followed by the treatment of the intermediate imidoyl iodide with phenylmagnesium bromide to complete the synthesis of benzazocines.     

Micellar shape change and internal segregation induced by chemical modification of a tryptych block copolymer surfactant

We report the detailed characterization of micelles formed by two nonionic, amphiphilic ABC triblock copolymers. Poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(styrene)-b-1,2-poly(butadiene) (PEO-b-PS-b-PB) triblock copolymer "OSB" forms core-corona spherical micelles in aqueous solution, and the two hydrophobic blocks S and B are mixed homogeneously within the micelle core. PEO-b-PS-b-PB:C6F13I triblock copolymer "OSF" was prepared by selective fluorination of the B block in OSB with n-perfluorohexyl iodide. Fluorination of the B block induces internal segregation into an inner F core and an intermediate S shell. Furthermore, the strong incompatibility that results from fluorination drives a shape change into an oblate ellipsoid. These micellar morphologies are confirmed by combined light, neutron, and X-ray scattering measurements, as well as TEM imaging.     

克孜尔石窟壁画颜料研究

采用扫描电子显微镜X-射线能谱（SEM-EDS）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectra）和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）对收集自克孜尔石窟第69窟的14个壁画颜料样品进行检测与分析鉴定。结果显示：蓝色颜料为青金石;绿色颜料主要为氯铜矿,在表面泛黄的绿色样品中检出了藤黄;红色颜料为赤铁矿;在白色颜料样品中检出了磷氯铅矿-砷铅矿和石膏;在灰色颜料样品中检出了石膏与炭黑。表明初唐时期藤黄已被用作绘画颜料;在矿物颜料上罩染有机染料,体现了古人对矿物颜料和有机染料的高超使用技巧。研究有助于了解壁画的用材、绘制方式等信息,为壁画的研究、保护和修复提供参照和依据,同时也佐证了古丝绸之路沿线贸易、经济、文化的繁荣和昌盛。     

冲击荷载下C型G550冷弯钢的断裂机理研究

以C型G550薄壁冷弯钢构件为研究对象, 通过材料在不同应变率下的拉伸实验和数值模拟数据得到Johnson-Cook (J-C)本构模型和Johnson-Cook失效模型参数. 通过Abaqus软件模拟了不同冲击荷载作用下C型冷弯钢构件撕裂破坏的全过程, 利用落锤装置轴向冲击试验进行对比, 其实验结果与有限元数值模拟结果有良好的一致性. 此外, 对冲击试样撕裂断口进行微观形貌分析, 得到构件的断裂机理. 结果表明: 随着冲击速度的提高, 冲击力对构件的加载时间增加, 构件需要较大的塑性变形来吸收冲击能量; 冲击速度越高, 裂纹扩展功所占吸收冲击能量的比例越大, 显示出高速下裂纹扩展的能力越好; 冲击速度较高时, 以脆性断裂为主, 断口出现解理面, 甚至在高速变形时发生了绝热剪切破坏.     

Ignition and burning behaviors of automobile oil in engine compartment

Accidental leakage of automobile oils is of great inclination to initiate pool fires in engine compartment, with threats to induce the flashover of other components and flame penetration into the passenger compartment. This paper presents experimental results of the ignition and burning behaviors of a kind of automobile oils (automatic transmission oil) using a cone calorimeter. Measurements of oil temperature, ignition time, mass loss and heat release rate are performed at different external heat fluxes and initial fuel depths. The comparison between experimental and numerical oil temperature evolutions shows that the variations of the ignition time at different experimental conditions depend on the heat dissipation process inside the liquid phase. The steady mass burning rate is nearly independent of initial fuel depth and has a linear relation with external heat fluxes. In addition, the results indicate an increase in peak heat release rate by a large margin initially, followed by a relatively small margin under thicker initial fuel depths, while its variations are proportional to external heat fluxes. Correlations are also developed to determine the peak heat release rate as a function of the initial fuel depth.

     

A New Series of C‐6 Unsubstituted Tetrahydropyrimidines: Convenient One‐Pot Chemoselective Synthesis,Aggregation‐Induced and Size‐Independent Emission Characteristics

A new series of C‐6 unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidines 6 have been directly synthesized via a convenient urea‐catalyzed chemoselective five‐component reaction (5CR) under mild conditions. Compounds 6 show typical aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) characteristics because they are practically no emissive in solution but emit blue or green fluorescence in aggregates with fluorescence yield up to 93 %. One of the 5CR products, 6 aa , exhibits blue‐ and green‐fluorescence aggregates (bf‐ and gf‐aggregates). The bf‐ and gf‐aggregates are prepared under different conditions and proved to result from different J‐aggregations by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In addition, the bf‐ and gf‐aggregates of 6 aa show unusual size‐independent emission (SIE) characteristics because their maximum emission wavelengths in different sizes (suspension particles, film, powder and crystals) are the same, 434 and 484 nm, respectively. Based on the obtained experimental results, the 5CR mechanism, the origins of AIEE and SIE characteristics are discussed.