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The diffusion length of charge carriers in the active layer of a perovskite solar cell (PSC) of the structure Glass/PEDOT: PSS/CH3NH3PbI3/PC60BM/Al is modelled. It is found that the diffusion length depends on the position x in the active layer measured from the PEDOT: PSS interface, Urbach energy and temperature. By varying the voltage in the range from zero to , it is shown that the dependence of diffusion length on the position x in the active layer reduces at higher voltage. The combined influence of applied voltage and temperature on the diffusion length of charge carriers is investigated and it is found that in the low voltage range the diffusion length is temperature independent, but it becomes significantly temperature dependent at higher voltages. Also, it is found that the diffusion length decreases as the applied voltage increases and this reduction becomes much more significant at higher voltage and temperatures. The combined influence of applied voltage and Urbach energy on diffusion length of charge carriers reveals that the diffusion length decreases when both the applied voltage and Urbach energy increase. However, the reduction in the diffusion length due to the increase in Urbach energy becomes less significant at higher voltage. 相似文献
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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has been achieved using oak fruit bark extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized using various techniques. UV–visible spectrum of prepared silver colloidal solution showed absorption maximum at 433 nm. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that Ag NPs have a face‐centred cubic structure being spherical in shape with an average particle size of 20–25 nm. The toxicity of the Ag NPs was tested on bacterial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by comparison based on diameter of inhibition zone in disc diffusion tests and minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of NPs dispersed in liquid cultures. The antimicrobial activity of Ag NPs was greater towards Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) compared to Gram‐negative bacteria as determined using standard Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay and serial dilution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Hashemi Karouei Seyed Hossein Ajarostaghi Seyed Soheil Mousavi Gorji-Bandpy Mofid Hosseini Fard Seyed Reza 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2021,143(2):1455-1466
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - In the present study, the effect of inserting an innovative curved turbulator and utilizing two types of hybrid nanofluids on thermal performance in a... 相似文献
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Rectangular plates on distributed elastic foundations are widely employed in footings and raft foundations of variety of structures. In particular, mounted columns and single footings may partially occupy the rectangular plate of any kind. 相似文献
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James S. Wright James M. Anderson Hooman Shadnia Tony Durst John A. Katzenellenbogen 《Journal of computer-aided molecular design》2013,27(8):707-721
The computational determination of binding modes for a ligand into a protein receptor is much more successful than the prediction of relative binding affinities (RBAs) for a set of ligands. Here we consider the binding of a set of 26 synthetic A-CD ligands into the estrogen receptor ERα. We show that the MOE default scoring function (London dG) used to rank the docked poses leads to a negligible correlation with experimental RBAs. However, switching to an energy-based scoring function, using a multiple linear regression to fit experimental RBAs, selecting top-ranked poses and then iteratively repeating this process leads to exponential convergence in 4–7 iterations and a very strong correlation. The method is robust, as shown by various validation tests. This approach may be of general use in improving the quality of predicted binding affinities. 相似文献
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We consider cosmological consequences of the spontaneous breaking of a global symmetry that is anomalous under technicolor interactions, leading to the emergence of a light axion-like particle. Avoiding overclosure of the universe by such axions yields the upper bound fa?1010 GeV on the symmetry breaking scale, corresponding to keV-scale axions. However, diffuse X-ray background data typically require larger values of fa. The overclosure and X-ray bounds can be reconciled if the axion initial amplitude of oscillations Ai∼fa/10. In this case, a viable axionic dark matter candidate with a mass in the 50–100 eV range emerges. The detection of this type of dark matter may pose a challenge. 相似文献
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Journal of Visualization - A nanofluid containing copper (Cu) nanoparticles was simulated in a rectangular cavity using computational fluid dynamic (CFD). The upper and lower walls of the cavity... 相似文献
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Although being powerful, the differential transform method (DTM) yet suffers from a drawback which is the lack of a systematic methodology for derivation of the differential transforms for nonlinear expressions. In the current paper, it is shown that this defect can be overcome with the help of the Adomian polynomials perfectly. The application of the proposed technique in treatment of nonlinear differential equations is well illustrated by a number of examples. In addition, the transformed analogues of some frequent nonlinearities are presented. 相似文献
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Golchoobian Hooman Saedodin Seyfolah Ghorbani Bahram 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2021,145(3):1467-1483
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Nowadays, with increasing energy consumption, global warming, and many problems caused by weather conditions, the tendency to use novel methods of... 相似文献