Epidemic thresholds in a heterogenous population with competing strains

Among many epidemic models,one epidemic disease may transmit with the existence of other pathogens or other strains from the same pathogen. In this paper,we consider the case where all of the strains obey the susceptible-infected-susceptible mechanism and compete with each other at the expense of common susceptible individuals. By using the heterogenous mean-field approach,we discuss the epidemic threshold for one of two strains. We confirm the existence of epidemic threshold in both finite and infinite populations subject to underlying epidemic transmission. Simulations in the Barabasi-Albert (BA) scale-free networks are in good agreement with the analytical results.     

调幅切向磁场对低碳钢残余塑性应变的检测灵敏度矩阵分析方法

针对低碳钢的残余塑性应变定量评估问题,提出了一种基于调幅切向磁场测量的无损检测新方法:采用U型电磁铁提供调幅磁场对低碳钢试件进行磁化,单一霍尔元件检测表面切向磁场,其输出电压随线性调幅激励电压变化而形成的蝶形轨迹可用于残余塑性应变表征。研究发现在蝶形轨迹的大部分区域,霍尔元件输出电压与低碳钢中静态拉伸形成的残余塑性应变的平方根间存在良好的线性关系。为实现残余塑性变形的最佳灵敏度表征,将蝶形轨迹进行矩阵化并计算得到检测灵敏度矩阵,分析了不同励磁条件下霍尔元件输出电压对残余塑性应变平方根的灵敏度,结果显示:在弱磁化条件(励磁周期的峰值电压与线性调幅电压最大峰值的百分比为15%)下,霍尔元件输出电压对残余塑性应变平方根的检测灵敏度最高。新方法实施简便,结合检测灵敏矩阵,可对励磁条件和敏感区域进行优化选取,有望推广运用于其他力学性能指标的高灵敏度无损检测。