Lipase-catalysed transesterification in the preparation of optically active monobutyrate of cis-2,3-epoxybutane-1,4-diol

The PPL-catalysed resolution of 4-hydroxy-2,3-epoxybutyl butyrate resulted in the (2S,3R)-(−)-enantiomer with high optical purity ( > 90% e.e.). The two acylation (or deacylation) steps from diol to dibutyrate (or from dibutyrate to diol) were shown to have reverse stereoselectivities.     

On the concept of point value in the infinite-dimensional realization theory

In this article, we study the effect of the chosen representation of a point value (and point evaluation) on the class of periodic signals realizable using a certain type of infinite-dimensional linear system. By suitably representing the point evaluation at the origin in a Hilbert space, we are able to give a complete characterization of its extensions. These extensions involve a new concept called δ-sequence, the use of which as an observation operator of an infinite-dimensional linear system is studied in this article. In particular, we consider their use in the realization of periodic signals. We also investigate how the use of δ-sequences affects the convergence properties of such realizations; we consider the rate and character of convergence and the removal of the Gibbs phenomenon. As still a further demonstration of the significance of the chosen concept of a point value, we discuss the use of distributional point values in the realization of periodic distributions. The possible applications of this work lie in regulator problems of infinite-dimensional control theory, as is indicated by the well-known internal model principle.     

Electron Probe Microanalysis of HfO2 Thin Films on Conductive and Insulating Substrates

Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of highly insulating materials is a complicated problem, partially solved by coating samples with grounded thin conductive layers or using novel scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, such as low-voltage and/or variable pressure SEM. In this work, some problems of quantitative X-ray microanalysis of thin HfO₂ films, in particular the possibility to determine mass thickness correlated to the density of the layer material, are discussed. For comparison, Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and TiO₂ films grown onto both semiconductive Si and insulating quartz substrates were also analysed. All the films studied were synthesized by atomic layer deposition method.     

Simultaneous analysis of catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity,S‐adenosylhomocysteine and adenosine

Novel HPLC method utilizing UV‐detection was developed to analyse catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) products, vanillic acid and isovanillic acid, S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and adenosine formed from dihydroxybenzoic acid and S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAM) by incubation of the rat tissues. Entacapone, a COMT inhibitor, prevented the formation of SAH only partially in the striatal homogenate whereas in the kidney homogenate the increase of SAH was prevented by entacapone. In conclusion, this method was reliable, rapid and simple. COMT seemed to be partially responsible on the SAM utilizing methylations in the striatal homogenates while in the high COMT activity tissue, COMT was the main SAH producing methyltransferase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cohen–Macaulay Multi–Rees Algebras

Let A be a local ring, and let I ₁,...,I _r A be ideals of positive height. In this article we compare the Cohen–Macaulay property of the multi–Rees algebra R _A (I ₁,...,I _r ) to that of the usual Rees algebra R _A (I ₁ ··· I _r ) of the product I ₁ ··· I _r . In particular, when the analytic spread of I ₁ ··· I _r is small, this leads to necessary and sufficient conditions for the Cohen–Macaulayness of R _A (I ₁,...,I _r ). We apply our results to the theory of joint reductions and mixed multiplicities.     

Viscoelasticity and water plasticization of polymer-cellulose composite films and paper sheets

Viscoelastic properties of cellulose microfibril—polymer composites and paper sheets were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis as a function of relative humidity in order to assess the bonding properties in cellulosic networks. The amount of associated water in the composites (equilibrium moisture content) was measured by thermogravimetry. Water plasticization was evidenced by DMA both in composite and paper samples. Polymers with high affinity to water, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose, clearly increased the water plasticization in the composites. The plasticization behavior of paper sheet samples was also influenced by polymers. However, the effect of polymers on the plasticization was different between the composite and the paper samples. The consideration of fiber bonding domain in paper structure as a gel-like layer consisting of cellulose microfibrils, polymers, and associated water can help to unveil some of the complex mechanisms behind the strength in fibrous cellulosic materials.