城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究进展

本文回顾城市大气污染扩散的研究实践与进展, 介绍城市大气环境流动的特点和用现代计算流体力学手段开展城市大气环境的大涡模拟研究方法, 包括: 数学模型, 控制方程、亚网格湍流模式、定解条件及其数值方法. 其中, 重点介绍中尺度到微尺度的耦合模型与适用于复杂城市下垫面(满足大涡模拟分辨率要求且计算量较小)的组合模型;并给出实际算例和结果分析, 包括准确度的统计估算和湍流特性等. 最后, 讨论城市大气环境数值模拟方法进一步改进的方向和城市大气环境流动与污染物扩散数值研究应重点关注的几个问题.     

充分发展湍流场中Pr数对被动标量输运的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法,研究壁湍流中分子Pr数对湍流被动标量输运的影响.发现在槽道湍流的外层,湍流雷诺平均普朗特数PrT与分子普朗特数的倒数呈线性关系;湍流亚格子普朗特数PrT与分子普朗特数的关系较为复杂,在分子普朗特数为1附近时,湍流亚格子Prt数出现极小值.     

Large transport critical currents of powder-in-tube Sr0.6K0.4Fe2As2/Ag superconducting wires and tapes

We report the achievement of transport critical currents in Sr_0.6K_0.4Fe₂As₂ wires and tapes with a T_c = 34 K. The wires and tapes were fabricated through an in situ powder-in-tube process. Silver was used as a chemical addition as well as a sheath material. All the wire and tape samples have shown the ability to transport superconducting current. Critical current density J_c was enhanced upon silver addition, and at 4.2 K, a largest J_c of ～1200 A/cm² (I_c = 9 A) was achieved for 20% silver added tapes, which is the highest in iron-based wires and tapes so far. The J_c is almost field independent between 1 T and 10 T, exhibiting a strong vortex pinning. Such a high transport critical current density is attributed to the weak reaction between the silver sheath and the superconducting core, as well as an improved connectivity between grains. We also identify a weak-link behavior from the apparent drop of J_c at low fields and a hysteretic phenomenon. Finally, we found that compared to Fe, Ta and Nb tubes, Ag was the best sheath material for the fabrication of high-performance 122 type pnictide wires and tapes.     

壁湍流结构的二维子波分析

对槽道湍流直接数值模拟的脉动速度场进行了二维子波分析。研究了近壁区低速条带结构的多尺度特性。利用定义的局部雷诺应力测度结合平坦因子的方法对湍流脉动速度分解,得到脉动速度的间歇成份和高斯成份。用局部雷诺应力测度正的峰值为特征,通过条件统计平均,得到近壁区典型的拟序结构。     

Effect of sheath materials on the microstructure and superconducting properties of SmO0.7F0.3FeAs wires

Fe/Ti, Nb, and Ta sheathed SmO_0.7F_0.3FeAs wires were manufactured using the powder-in-tube method. A comparative study was made of the effect of sheath material on the microstructure and superconducting properties of the SmO_0.7F_0.3FeAs wires. Among these sheath materials, the penetration depth of Ta into the superconducting core is the largest. There was nearly no difference in the critical transition temperature of the SmO_0.7F_0.3FeAs wires sheathed with different materials, and the upper critical fields were approximately the same. On the other hand, it was found that Nb-sheathed wires had a higher superconducting current density than the others. Impurities existing in the superconducting core were thought to be one of the most important factors that affected the critical current density of the SmO_0.7F_0.3FeAs wires.     

Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Sea‐ and Freshwater by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with a Vibrating Bismuth Electrode

A solid, bismuth (Bi), disk, electrode is used to determine lead (Pb) in natural waters including seawater. The diffusion layer thickness was lowered from 93 to 29 µm by stirring, and to 18 µm by using the vibrated version of the Bi electrode. The Bi electrode does not require removal of dissolved oxygen, which facilitates in situ detection. The electrode was tested for the determination of Pb in coastal seawater samples. The detection limit for Pb was 0.15 nM in acetate buffer and 0.5 nM in seawater using a 2 min deposition time. Cadmium can be determined together with Pb but the sensitivity is about 10×lower. The Bi electrode compares unfavourably to a mercury electrode in terms of sensitivity.     

19芯Fe/Cu复合包套二硼化镁超导线制备及其超导性能研究

采用In-Situ PIT方法,以工业级低纯度B粉(92%)和镁粉(99%)为原料制备了19芯Fe/Cu复合包套MgB2超导线。断面扫描电镜观测表明,超导线内部超导芯分布排列均匀,Fe层都能完好包围MgB2芯体,Fe与Cu层结合紧密,填充因子0.17。750℃热处理1h后,样品超导转变温度Tc(onset)=33.5K,转变宽度ΔTc=4.8K。X光衍射检测发现,MgB2超导相中不存在其它Mg-B化合物杂项,但含有少量MgO和FeB2。多芯化后,超导芯中FeB2略有增加。四引线Ic测试发现,19芯样品在4.2K,4T时,临界电流密度为5622A/cm2,比单芯样品14400 A/cm2降低约2/3。     

纵向涡对近壁湍流结构的影响

在封闭水槽中用氢气泡方法观察了纵向涡对近壁湍流结构的影响，涡的下洗侧出现了展向距离较宽、流动较稳定的快斑区，流向速度快；涡的上洗侧出现了含有慢斑的区域，流动结构复杂，流向速度慢，纵向涡使下洗侧速度较快的流体流向壁面，使上洗侧速度较慢的流体远离壁面。     

SERS and FDTD simulation of gold nanoparticles grafted on germanium wafer via galvanic displacement

Uniform and dense Au nanoparticles grown on Ge (Au/Ge) were fabricated by a facile galvanic displacement method and employed as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. The substrates exhibited excellent reproducibility in the detection of rhodamine 6G aqueous solution with a relative standard deviation of <20%. The substrate showed a high Raman enhancement factor of 3.44 × 10⁶. This superior SERS sensitivity was numerical confirmed by the three‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain method, which demonstrated a stronger electric field intensity (|E/E₀|²) distribution around the Au nanoparticles grown on Ge. This facile and low‐cost prepared Au/Ge substrate with high SERS sensitivity and reproducibility might have potential applications in monitoring in situ reaction in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1,2,3,9-四氢咔唑-4-酮生产废液处理及氯化锌回收利用

1,2,3,9-四氢咔唑-4-酮生产废液量大且危害严重,本文探究了NaClO、H₂O₂氧化处理废液的效果及存在的问题,同时提出了高温碳化处理的新工艺路线。 实验结果表明,采用NaClO、H₂O₂氧化处理废液未能达到理想要求,且回收的固体色泽差、无催化活性。 而废液经143 ℃蒸馏、残留液500 ℃高温碳化处理40 min后回收的氯化锌,具有良好催化活性,可使单苯腙转化率达到52.6%,实现了其在1,2,3,9-四氢咔唑-4-酮生产过程中的循环利用 。研究结果为1,2,3,9-四氢咔唑-4-酮生产废液处理及资源综合利用提供了一条新途径。