Pediatric Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Airway Reconstruction: A Review of Voice Outcomes, Assessment, and Treatment Issues

Laryngotracheal stenosis is defined as a congenital or acquired narrowing of the airway. Congenital causes may include subglottic membranous or cartilaginous narrowing. Acquired causes may include trauma due to prolonged endotracheal or tracheal intubation or laryngotracheal injury. Although advances have been made over the past 30 years in reconstructive surgeries to improve airway patency in these patients, long-term laryngeal function for voice production is not well defined in this population. This review examines causes, symptoms and signs, and methods for diagnosing laryngotracheal stenosis. Surgical management procedures are briefly summarized. The current literature on voice outcomes is summarized. The predominant voice characteristics in the population are presented, although results are challenged by the heterogeneity of voice presentation and paucity of data from instrumental measures. Considerations for subjective and instrumental assessment, measures of quality of life, instrumental methods, and treatment options specific to the needs of this population are discussed. Research strategies to identify long-term outcomes of surgical and behavioral treatments in this population are posed.     

Identifying several biased coins encountered by a hidden random walk

Suppose that attached to each site z ∈ ? is a coin with bias θ(z), and only finitely many of these coins have nonzero bias. Allow a simple random walker to generate observations by tossing, at each move, the coin attached to its current position. Then we can determine the biases {θ(z)}_z∈?, using only the outcomes of these coin tosses and no information about the path of the random walker, up to a shift and reflection of ?. This generalizes a result of Harris and Keane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2004     

Fairness in Scheduling

On-line machine scheduling has been studied extensively, but the fundamental issue of fairness in scheduling is still mostly open. In this paper we explore the issue in settings where there are long-lived processes which should be repeatedly scheduled for various tasks throughout the lifetime of a system. For any such instance we develop a notion ofdesiredload of a process, which is a function of the tasks it participates in. Theunfairnessof a system is the maximum, taken over all processes, of the difference between the desired load and the actual load.An example of such a setting is thecarpool problemsuggested by Fagin and Williams [IBM Journal of Research and Development27(2) (1983), 133–139]. In this problem, a set ofnpeople form a carpool. On each day a subset of the people arrive and one of them is designated as the driver. A scheduling rule is required so that the driver will be determined in a “fair” way.We investigate this problem under various assumptions on the input distribution. We also show that the carpool problems can capture several other problems of fairness in scheduling.     

The speed of biased random walk on percolation clusters

 We consider biased random walk on supercritical percolation clusters in ℤ². We show that the random walk is transient and that there are two speed regimes: If the bias is large enough, the random walk has speed zero, while if the bias is small enough, the speed of the random walk is positive. Received: 20 November 2002 / Revised version: 17 January 2003 Published online: 15 April 2003 Research supported by Microsoft Research graduate fellowship. Research partially supported by the DFG under grant SPP 1033. Research partially supported by NSF grant #DMS-0104073 and by a Miller Professorship at UC Berkeley. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 60K37; 60K35; 60G50 Key words or phrases: Percolation – Random walk     

On the symmetric square: unstable local transfer

Summary We prove the fundamental lemma for spherical functions with respect to the natural (induction) lifting fromPGL(2) toPGL(3) which appears as the unstable counterpart of the stable symmetric-square lifting fromSL(2) toPGL(3) (see [IV] for an introduction to this project, and [VI] for the final results). Thus spherical functions onPGL(2) andPGL(3) which correspond to each other by satisfying an elementary representation theoretic relation are shown to have matching orbital integrals. The proof of this local statement is based on an application of the global trace formula.Partially supported by NSF grants     

Plato alleges that God forever geometrizes

Since 1961, the experimental exploration at the fundamental level of physical reality has surprised physists by revealing to them a highly geometric scenery. Like Einstein's (classical) theory of gravity, the standard model, describing the strong, weak, and electromagnetic interaction, testifies in favor of Plato's reported allegation.