Vibrationa-rotational structure in the angular distribution and intensity of photoelectrons from diatomic molecules. II. H2

Total intensity and angular distribution of photoelectrons ejected from H₂ are calculated for individual vibrational-rotational transitions accompanied by photoionization The relevant transition moment is evaluated in the two-center spheroidal coordinates with varying internuclear distance. The calculations for 584 Å and 736 Å lines are compared with the observed spectra. The theoretical result clearly shows the dependence of the angular distribution on the initial and final vibrational states and the dominance of the rotational transition with ΔJ = 0 over that with |Δ| = 2.     

Electron scattering by polar molecules

Theoretical and experimental studies of electron-polar molecule collisions are reviewed. Principal emphasis is placed on elastic scattering and excitation of rotational states by low-energy (less than about 10 eV) electrons. After a survey of experimental techniques and methods of cross-section calculation, the results are compared with each other. In particular, the dipole-moment dependence of the cross-section is discussed in relation to possible bound states in a dipole field. Examples of applications of the resulting cross-section are demonstrated. Finally future problems are summarized.     

Versatile self-assembled hybrid systems with exotic structures and unique functions

In this review article, we describe recent progress about exotic self-assembled systems with various dimensions including biomolecules, supramolecules, unique hydrophobic amphiphiles, polymers, nano-clusters, and colloidal particles. Construction of robust biomolecular assemblies with exotic structures, such as ring and hollow capsule, is achieved by rational designs of symmetric biomolecular conjugates. In addition, we comprehensively summarized leading-edge topics on optical/topological properties of self-assembled hybrid systems, such as circularly polarized luminescence or structural color. The preparation of colloidal amorphous array with photonic band gap-induced angle-independent structural color is also achieved in consideration of the following situations: i) two-body sphere–sphere potential, ii) disorder packing using different sizes of colloidal particles, and iii) softness of colloidal particles. Lastly, we demonstrated useful utilizations of exotic self-assembled objects. Flakelike microparticles were transcribed into various nano-flake metals and applied as temperature indicator for the local heating of an addictive. All findings described here show meaningful hybrid strategies in self-assembly techniques and their functionalization as well as materialization.     

Thermally Tunable Hydrogels Displaying Angle‐Independent Structural Colors

We report the preparation of thermally tunable hydrogels displaying angle‐independent structural colors. The porous structures were formed with short‐range order using colloidal amorphous array templates and a small amount of carbon black (CB). The resultant porous hydrogels prepared using colloidal amorphous arrays without CB appeared white, whereas the hydrogels with CB revealed bright structural colors. The brightly colored hydrogels rapidly changed hues in a reversible manner, and the hues varied widely depending on the water temperature. Moreover, the structural colors were angle‐independent under diffusive lighting because of the isotropic nanostructure generated from the colloidal amorphous arrays.     

Vibrational—rotational structure in the angular distribution and intensity of photoelectrons from diatomic molecules. III. Effects of higher partial

Total and differential cross sections for the photoionization of H₂ are calculated for each vibrational—rotational transition induced in the molecule. The transition moment is evaluated in the two-center spheroidal coordinates with varying internuclear distance. The wavefunction for the ejected electron is calculated with partial-wave coupling taken into account. It is found that the calculation with only the lowest partial wave retained gives a sufficiently reliable result for most of the cross sections for 584 A and 736 A photons. Only the exception is the anisotropy parameter for the photoelectron angular distribution in the case where rational transition |ΔJ| = 2 occurs. The parameter, especially for fast photoelectrons, increases very much when higher partial waves are included in the calculation. Some preliminary results for the incidence of 304 A line are also shown.     

Chemical and optical control of peristaltic actuator based on self-oscillating porous gel

We demonstrate the chemical and optical control of the self-sustaining peristaltic motion of a structural colored porous hydrogel.     

Visualizing conformations of subchains by creating optical wavelength-sized periodically ordered structure in hydrogel

Thick single-crystalline fcc colloidal crystals exhibiting structural color are obtained by a solvent evaporation method from silica colloidal particle suspensions. A periodically ordered interconnecting porous structure can be imprinted in thermosensitive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) gels by using the colloidal crystals as templates. The porous structure endows a structural color to the NIPA gels. We find that the peak position of the reflection spectra from the porous gels (lamdamax') is expressed as a function of the swelling degree and is synchronized with the change in the swelling degree. The color can be precisely tuned by simply changing the amount of the monomer and the cross-linker in the pre-gel solutions. We can estimate the linear expansion factor (> or =1) of the subchains by comparing the peak position at a given situation (lamdamax') and the reference state (lamdamax,0'), in which the subchains behave as Gaussian coils. Creating the periodically ordered structure, which is similar in size to the wavelength of optical light, in the gels allows us to determine the behavior of polymer chains by observing the structural color.     

Measurement of the magnetic field of resin-impregnated bulk superconductor annuli

Large single-grain bulk RE–Ba–Cu–O (RE: rare earth elements) superconductors can trap large fields exceeding several teslas and thus can function as very strong quasi-permanent magnets. We have found that the resin can penetrate into a bulk superconductor, when the sample was immersed in molten resin. Hence, resin impregnation was effective in improving mechanical properties. Three bulk superconductors‘ annuli with resin impregnation, each 50-mm i.d. and 80-mm o.d. was built and energized, by a field-cool method, to generate, in a bath of liquid nitrogen, a persistent trapped field of 1.62 T.