环形浅液池内热毛细对流的热力学特性

为了了解径向温度梯度作用下环形浅液池内硅熔体热毛细对流的热力学特性,利用有限差分法进行了非稳态三维数值模拟。液池外半径r0=50 mm,内半径ri=15 mm,深度为d=3 mm。结果表明,当温度梯度较小时,流动为稳定轴对称流动,系统总熵产较小;随着温度梯度的增加,流动将失去其稳定性,首先转化为径向脉动波,此时系统总熵产呈周期性变化;温度梯度再增加时,流动转化为热流体波,系统总熵产较大,但不再随时间变化。     

勾形磁场对硅单晶CZ生长过程的影响

利用有限元法对勾形磁场环境下硅单晶Czochralski生长时炉内的传递过程进行了全局数值模拟,磁场强度范围为(0～2.0)T.结果表明:勾形磁场可有效抑制熔体内的流动;随着磁场强度增加,熔体内对流逐渐减弱,加热器功率增大,结晶界面温度梯度在磁场强度为0.05T时略有降低,之后增加;结晶界面形状在磁场强度为0.05T和0.1T时向熔体侧弯曲,之后随磁场的增加,变得平坦;同时,熔体内的传质机制逐渐转为以扩散为主;结晶界面平均氧浓度随磁场强度的增加而逐渐降低,当磁场强度高于1.0T时,结晶界面氧浓度会略有上升.     

柚子皮衍生的分级多孔碳作为高性能超级电容器的电极材料

使用CTAB作为软模板,水热处理柚子皮,再以碳化和KOH活化过程得到了分级多孔碳(HPC),这种分级多孔碳材料的比表面积高达1 813 m~2·g~(-1),相比于没有水热步骤制备的多孔碳(PC),拥有更加丰富的介孔结构和更大的比表面积。XPS分析结果表明HPC的氧掺杂量更高,会比PC贡献更大的赝电容。三电极测试体系中,HPC的比电容达到285 F·g~(-1)(0.5 A·g~(-1),1 mol·L~(-1)KOH)。同时,组装的两电极对称超级电容器拥有很好的倍率性能,循环12 000次充放电后,比电容依旧保留99%。HPC拥有这样优异的性能归结于较大的比表面积,高氧掺杂量和合理的孔径分布的协同作用。     

Effect of caffeine on UVB-induced carcinogenesis, apoptosis, and the elimination of UVB-induced patches of p53 mutant epidermal cells in SKH-1 mice

Oral administration of green tea or caffeine to SKH-1 mice during UVB irradiation for several months inhibited the formation of skin cancer. Similar effects were observed when green tea or caffeine was given to tumor-free UVB-initiated mice with a high risk of developing skin tumors in the absence of further UVB irradiation (high risk mice). Mechanistic studies indicated that topical application of caffeine stimulated UVB-induced apoptosis as well as apoptosis in UVB-induced focal hyperplasia and tumors in tumor-bearing mice. Oral or topical administration of caffeine enhanced the removal of patches of epidermal cells with a mutant form of p53 protein that appeared early during the course of UVB-induced carcinogenesis, and oral administration of caffeine altered the profile of p53 mutations in the patches. In additional studies, topical application of caffeine was shown to have a sunscreen effect, and topical application of caffeine sodium benzoate was more active than caffeine as a sunscreen and for stimulating UVB-induced apoptosis. Caffeine sodium benzoate was also highly active in inhibiting carcinogenesis in UVB-pretreated high risk mice. Our studies indicate that caffeine and caffeine sodium benzoate may be useful as novel inhibitors of sunlight-induced skin cancer.     

Theoretical investigation on thermal performance of heat pipe flat plate solar collector with cross flow heat exchanger

Based on the heat transfer characteristics of absorber plate and the heat transfer effectiveness-number of heat transfer unit method of heat exchanger, a new theoretical method of analyzing the thermal performance of heat pipe flat plate solar collector with cross flow heat exchanger has been put forward and validated by comparisons with the experimental and numerical results in pre-existing literature. The proposed theoretical method can be used to analyze and discuss the influence of relevant parameters on the thermal performance of heat pipe flat plate solar collector.     

Onset of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in cold water near its density maximum in vertical annular containers

A set of three-dimensional numerical simulations of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in cold water near its density maximum in vertical annular containers is performed with the aim of determining the critical Rayleigh number at the onset of convection and the primary flow patterns for different geometric dimensions and density inversion parameters. The Prandtl number of cold water is about 11.57. The annular container is heated from below and cooled from above. The inner and outer sidewalls are considered to be perfectly adiabatic. The results obtained show that the critical Rayleigh number at the onset of convection increases with increase in the density inversion parameter and the radius ratio and with decrease in the aspect ratio. When the radius ratio is small, the flow patterns in vertical annular containers are similar to those in cylindrical containers. At large radius ratios the flow pattern is relatively simple, with several convective rolls observable along the azimuthal direction and similar with those characteristic of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in the Boussinesq fluid. The stratified flow phenomenon is found to exist at moderate values of the density inversion parameter. The results are compared with those obtained in the Boussinesq fluid to reveal the effect of the density inversion parameter.     

多孔介质对流干燥外部传热传质的非平衡热力学理论

从非平衡热力学理论出发,以广义热力学力作为传质过程驱动势,建立了描述多孔介质恒速干燥阶段外部对流传热传质过程的热力学理论模型,并进行了数值计算,计算值与已有的实验数据吻合较好;同时,还将计算结果与传统的理论进行了比较,结果表明,非平衡热力学理论更能反映过程的物理本质。     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of thermocapillary flow in a shallow cylindrical pool

In order to understand the characteristics of thermocapillary flow, we conducted a series of unsteady three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of thermocapillary flow for fluids with Prandtl number Pr = 0.011 and 1.0 in a shallow cylindrical pool with an azimuthal temperature non-uniform, an adiabatic solid bottom and free surface. The simulation results indicate that thermocapillary flow is steady 3D flow at the small temperature non-uniform. When temperature non-uniform exceeds some critical value, the flow will undergo a transition to 3D oscillatory flow, which is characterized by traveling oscillatory wave reversely along the flow direction on the free surface and diffusing to two sides at the same time. Further, the critical conditions for the flow transition are determined.     

环形浅液池内热毛细对流的渐近解

为了了解微重力下水平温度梯度作用时环形浅液池内的热毛细对流特征,采用渐近线方法求得了环形浅液池内热毛细对流的近似解析解,得到了主流区速度场和温度场的表达式,并与数值模拟结果进行了比较,两者基本吻合.     

Cz结构浅池内硅熔体热对流的分岔特性

为了了解水平温度梯度作用时Czochralski结构浅池内硅熔体热对流的分岔特性,利用有限差分法进行了非稳态三维数值模拟,坩埚外壁被加热,液池深度为3 mm.模拟结果表明,当逐渐增加温差时,会发生两次流型转变,第一次由二维轴对称流动转变为三维稳态流动,第二次由三维稳态流动转变为热流体波,其可能沿顺时针方向旋转、也可能沿逆时针方向旋转,同时,第二次转变存在分岔现象.