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1.
2.
Yasuhiro Aoki 《Optical and Quantum Electronics》1989,21(1):S89-S104
This paper reviews recent theoretical and experimental studies on optical amplification by stimulated Raman scattering (Raman amplification) in single-mode optical fibres, and discusses its possible applications to long-distance optical communications. The fibre Raman amplifier can be used as an in-line optical amplifier in both repeaterless and non-regenerative all-optical repeater configurations. In the former application, signal transmission of over 400 km has been predicted theoretically, although high-power pump sources are considered to be required. In the latter configuration, in which optical fibre losses are compensated for by Raman gains, it has been shown that extremely long-distance transmission over more than 1000 km is feasible in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, where the distance achievable is mainly limited by the accumulation of Raman noise. Recent experimental demonstrations including bit-error rate measurements on the Raman amplified signal, and laser-diode pumped amplification, etc., are also reviewed. The results confirm the effectiveness of fibre Raman amplifiers in future long-haul systems. 相似文献
3.
Hiroshi Maruyama Tadao Ishii Naruhiko Bamba Hironobu Maeda Akihisa Koizumi Yuzo Yoshikawa Hitoshi Yamazaki 《Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications》1989,160(5-6):524-532
The temperature dependence of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is studied in the high Tc superconductors, YBa2Cu3O7−δ. The measurements were done at the Cu K-edge for samples of two orthorhombic phases (Tc≈90 K and ≈58 K, respectively) and a nonsuperconducting tetragonal phase. Interatomic distances and mean square relative displacements σ2 for Cu-O bonds are determined by the least squares refinement. The results indicate that values of σ2 increase near Tc for both the orthorhombic samples. It is concluded that this anomalous behavior related to Tc is caused by an anomalous vibration of oxygen atoms in the Ba-O layer. Changes in the Cu-O distances from 300 to 20 K are not found. 相似文献
4.
Atsuhiro Fujimori Mikako Ishitsuka Hiroo Nakahara Eisuke Ito Masahiko Hara Kaname Kanai Hisao Ishii Yukio Ouchi Kazuhiko Seki 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2004,42(12):2329-2336
Photopolymerization of cadmium 10,12-pentacosadiynoate (CdDA) in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films, with the molecular packing well arranged by moderate preannealing, was investigated with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Greenish films of polydiacetylene with an absorption wavelength of 705 nm were obtained through the photopolymerization of preannealed monomer LB films, and this resulted in an extended π-conjugate system based on the well-ordered monomer in a two-dimensional arrangement. The electronic structures of the polydiacetylenes were found to be correlated to the variation of the molecular arrangements in the films from the changes in the NEXAFS spectra through photopolymerization in the LB films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2329–2336, 2004 相似文献
5.
The binding properties of metal ions to a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), from plant cell walls were analyzed by size-exclusion HPLC/ICP-MS. The dimeric RG-II borate complex (dRG-II-B) from sugar beet and red wine contained 0.8 - 1.1 mol/mol of B, 0.8 - 1.1 mol/mol of Ca, 0.1 - 0.3 mol/mol of Sr, and 0.03 - 0.07 mol/mol of Ba. The treatment of dRG-II-B with Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ or La3+ exchanged the originally present Ca, Sr and Ba. In contrast, monomeric RG-II (mRG-II), which contained approximately 0.1 mol/mol of Ca, formed complexes with La3+, Eu3+, and Lu3+ added to the solution, but did not do so with Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Pb2+. The HPLC/ICP-MS and HPLC/RI (refractive index detector) analysis of the partially hydrolyzed mRG-II that was treated with La3+ indicated that the side chains and backbone of mRG-II together form a lanthanoid binding site. 相似文献
6.
Yasuhiro Ikezoe Sadahiro Ishizaki Hiroharu Yui Masanori Fujinami Tsuguo Sawada 《Analytical sciences》2004,20(3):435-440
The oscillation of the interfacial tension and electrical potential at a water/nitrobenzene interface was observed with homologous anionic surfactant molecules, sodium-alkyl-sulfates. Concerning small molecules with a short hydrophobic carbon chain, the oscillation period and amplitude decreased with a decrease of the length of the alkyl chain. On the other hand, when surfactant molecules with a long hydrophobic carbon chain were used, no remarkable periodic oscillation occurred after the first oscillation. In all systems, an interfacial flow by Marangoni convection was observed when the oscillation took place. By monitoring the movement of carbon powder scattered on the liquid/liquid interface with a CCD camera, we could observe that the liquid/liquid interface expanded outward from the area on which the surfactant molecules adsorbed when the oscillation occurred. When the small molecule was used, the speed of expansion of the interface (flow speed) was small and shrinkage followed by expansion of the interface repeatedly occurred. However, when the large molecule was used, the flow speed was large and expansion occurred only one time. These results show that hydrodynamic factors and surface activities are important in chemical oscillation systems. 相似文献
7.
E. Hatta H. Hosoi H. Akiyama T. Ishii K. Mukasa 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,2(3):347-349
We have observed a remarkable two-armed spiral in the collapse process of a floating monolayer at the air-water interface
by phase contrast microscopy. This demonstrates that the floating monolayer as a form of soft condensed matter reorganizes
itself due to a certain kind of macroscopic or collective behavior of molecules as it collapses. This pattern formation is
caused by the breakdown of a critical dynamical balance between the deformation of solid domain and the applied surface pressure.
The fragility as well as the flexibility of the floating monolayer can be associated with the observed pattern growth. There
are also observed interesting, periodically arranged collections of molecules in numerous collapsed regions.
Received: 8 July 1997 / Accepted: 4 November 1997 相似文献
8.
Hyperfine interaction constants (HFICs) of dangling bonds for CN and SiN films were calculated by density-functional theory. The averaged 14N isotropic HFICs for C dangling bonds are almost equal to those for Si dangling bonds. The anisotropic 14N HFICs calculated for C dangling bonds are larger than those for Si dangling bonds by a factor 2. The calculated results were compared with experimental results obtained by electron spin resonance and electron nuclear double resonance. It was indicated that the carbon dangling bonds are located such that they avoid N atoms in CN films. 相似文献
9.
10.
Dong Hwan Choi Yoshio Katakura Rieko Matsuda Yuzuru Hayashi Masato Hirobe Yasuhiro Goda Kazuaki Ninomiya Suteaki Shioya 《Analytical sciences》2007,23(2):215-218
The mathematical model for predicting the precision, limit of detection (LOD) and range of quantitation (ROQ) in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) proposed by Hayashi et al. (Anal. Chem., 2004, 76, 1295) was validated. The model describes the relative standard deviation (RSD) of concentration estimates by the RSDs of pipetting volumes of analyte, enzyme-conjugated antigen, antibody and substrate solutions, and the standard deviation (SD) of inherent absorbances between the wells in an ELISA plate. For 6 kinds of direct competitive ELISA kits, the LOD and ROQ predicted by the model agreed well with those obtained by experiments with real samples. It was also confirmed that the model is applicable to the prediction of uncertainty that depends on the pipetting error of the viscous antiserum solution. The model was demonstrated to be useful for estimating the LOD and ROQ of competitive ELISA. 相似文献