Optical Glucose Monitoring Based on Femtosecond Two-Color Pulse Interferometry

We demonstrate the potential of femtosecond two-color pulse interferometry for in vitro optical glucose monitoring, by dispersion of the group refractive index in a glucose solution sample with respect to a red-color light and a blue-color light. By comparison with femtosecond one-color pulse interferometry, the basic performance of the present system with regard to sensitivity, quantitativeness, and tolerance to surrounding disturbances, is evaluated. The resulting accuracy and precision of glucose determination are 77 and 118mg/dl for 10-mm-sample-thickness, respectively. This near-common-path configuration of the two-color pulse light provides good stability to fluctuations of sample temperature, which is important in clinical applications. Considering the performance of femtosecond two-color pulse interferometry as an optical glucose sensor, a suitable measurement site for in vivo optical glucose monitoring is discussed.     

Near-Field and Polarized Evanescent Field Excited Fluorescence of Self-Organized Particle Arrays of Organic Dye

A wetting/dewetting process was utilized to prepare self-organized organic dye particles of micrometer and submicrometer size. Near-field scanning optical microscopy successfully identified near-field excited near-field fluorescence from single particles. The majority of the small particles with diameters around 2 mm or less, however, did not show fluorescence under near-field observation. In contrast, far-field fluorescence, when excited by a polarized evanescent field, was observed, with the intensity depending on the excitation polarization, indicating that molecules' transition moment within dye particles was oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Single particle fluorescence spectrum consistently showed an identical sharp peak with a large redshift, indicating that the particles were composed of identical dye aggregates similar to J-aggregates. These observations suggest that the near-field at the probe tip was polarized parallel to the probe axis. Another observation, that molecules were oriented in a similar direction among adjacent particles, suggests that the dewetting process contributed to the alignment of the molecular direction among adjacent particles, which further proves that the present specimen was formed by a self-organizing mechanism.     

Senecicannabine,a new pyrrolizidine alkaloid from senecio cannabifolius

The structure of senecicannabine($\text{1}$), a new mcrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from $\text{Senecio cannabifolius}$, has been established by chemical study and X-ray analysis.     

Vacuum fusion determination of micro-quantities of bulk gases in low carbon iron without an effect of surface gases

Summary Vacuum Fusion Determination of Micro-quantities of Bulk Gases in Low Carbon Iron Without an Effect of Surface Gases Micro-quantities of bulk and surface oxygen and hydrogen in low carbon iron was simultaneously determined by the surface-area-variation method using vacuum fusion analysis. Among the difference of three surface treatments, silicon carbide abrasive, electropolishing and hydrogen reduction methods, bulk oxygen and hydrogen were in agreement within their errors, however, surface oxygen and hydrogen were influenced from the surface treatments. Even in the case of electropolishing, which gave the smallest surface oxygen value, bulk oxygen less than 10g/g is needed to discriminate from the surface oxygen. Bulk hydrogen of 0.03g/g was determined without the effect of surface hydrogen in the hydrogen reduction treatment.     

Heteroatom-guided torquoselective olefination of alpha-oxy and alpha-amino ketones via ynolates

Ynolates were found to react with alpha-alkoxy-, alpha-siloxy-, and alpha-aryloxyketones at room temperature to afford tetrasubstituted olefins with high Z selectivity. Since the geometrical selectivity was determined in the ring opening of the beta-lactone enolate intermediates, the torquoselectivity was controlled by the ethereal oxygen atoms. From experimental and theoretical studies, the high Z selectivity is induced by orbital and steric interactions rather than by chelation. In a similar manner, alpha-dialkylamino ketones provided olefins with excellent Z selectivity. These products can be easily converted into multisubstituted butenolides and gamma-butyrolactams in good yield.     

The electrochemical behavior of ad-atoms and their effect on hydrogen evolution: Part II. Arsenic ad-atoms on platinum

The state of an arsenic layer electrodeposited at various potentials on platinum electrodes has been examined electrochemically. The relation between the state and the electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution has been investigated. The number of vacant sites have been found to increase with lowering of the deposition potential. The activity has been found to depend not on the amount of deposited arsenic but on the number of vacant sites. The difference in the effects of arsenic and of copper on hydrogen evolution is pointed out. This is attributed to the difference in the affinity of the ad-atoms for hydrogen.     

Enteric solid dispersion of ciclosporin A (CiA) having potential to deliver CiA into lymphatics

Solid dispersions composed of three components, ciclosporin A (CiA), surfactant (HCO-60) and a pharmaceutical additive, were prepared. As an additive, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), methacrylic acid and methacrylic acid methylester copolymer (Eudragit L-100) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HP-55), which are generally used as enteric coating materials, were employed. The dissolution behavior of CiA from these enteric solid-dispersion system was studied according to the paddle method of JP XI in comparison with that of Sandimmun, an olive oily CiA solution as a reference. Solid dispersion of CiA preparation did not dissolve in the 1st test fluid (pH 1.2) in 2 h. In the 2nd fluid (pH 6.8), about 80% of CiA was dissolved within 12 min, though the dissolution rate was dependent on both the quality and quantity of the additives. An in vivo systemic and lymphatic availability study was performed with rats whose carotid artery and thoracic lymph duct were cannulated. After intrastomach administration of each CiA preparation to rats at a dose of 7 mg/kg, blood and lymph samples were collected for 6 h. One of the HP-55 preparations gave the highest plasma CiA level, Cmax = 0.99 +/- 0.20 (S.E., n = 4) micrograms/ml, and also showed the highest lymphatic availability, the percentage of dose delivered to the lymphatics in 6 h was 1.98 +/- 0.10% and the maximum lymph CiA level was 76.8 +/- 12.86 micrograms/ml. Lymphatic availability of CiA from Sandimmun was 0.78 +/- 0.11% and the peak plasma CiA level was 0.46 +/- 0.10 microgram/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The electrochemical behavior of ad-atoms and their effect on hydrogen evolution: Part IV. Tin and lead ad-atoms on platinum

Hydrogen evolution on a platinum electrode decays against X_pt with the deposition of Sn ad-atoms and Pb ad-atoms in the same way as it decays with that of Ge ad-atoms, in which all of these ad-atoms occupy two platinum sites. In general the decay depends on the number of sites occupied by an atom of the ad-atom species.The potential ranges for oxygen adsorption by Sn ad-atoms and Pb ad-atoms are 0.45 to 1.24 V and 0.48 to 0.77 V, respectively, but the oxygen adsorbed by the latter ad-atoms is very small in amount.     

Indomethacin sustained-release suppositories containing sugar ester in polyethylene glycol base

Indomethacin (IM) sustained-release suppositories were prepared by the fusion method using sugar ester and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG). The suppositories were evaluated by in vitro release testing, X-ray analysis and in vivo absorption testing in rabbits. X-ray analysis showed that IM was amorphous in PEG-base suppositories. In a release test, slow-release was obtained when the sugar ester content of a suppository was 60%. The IM plasma level following the administration of the suppository was well sustained in the absorption test. The main slow-release mechanism is considered to be the release of IM from the matrix composed of sugar ester and PEG, which is represented by the Higuchi equation. A good correlation between the release test and the absorption test was obtained. It is considered that the amorphous state of IM in this type of sustained-release suppository would enhance the release and absorption of IM in the rectum of the rabbit, whose rectal fluid volume is small.