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1.
We prove lower bounds of the form exp(nε d), εd > 0, on the length of proofs of an explicit sequence of tautologies, based on the Pigeonhole Principle, in proof systems using formulas of depth d, for any constant d. This is the largest lower bound for the strongest proof system, for which any superpolynomial lower bounds are known. 相似文献
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Patterson JR Barker A Briere RA Gibbons LK Makoff G Papadimitriou V Somalwar S Wah YW Winstein B Winston R Woods M Yamamoto H Swallow E Bock GJ Coleman R Enagonio J Hsiung YB Stanfield K Stefanski R Yamanaka T Blair G Gollin GD Karlsson M Okamitsu JK Tschirhart R Brisson JC Debu P Peyaud B Turlay R Vallage B 《Physical review letters》1990,64(13):1491-1494
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R. J. Smith P. J. Woods R. Chapman J. L. Durell J. N. Mo B. R. Fulton R. A. Cunningham 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1986,324(3):283-287
The ground-state masses of35Si and34Si have been measured using the reactions64Ni(36S,35,34Si)65,66Zn at a36S beam energy of 198 MeV.34,35Si14+ ions were analysed and identified in a QMG/2 magnetic spectrometer and gas-filled focal-plane detector. The experimental mass excess of35Si was determined to be ?14.58± 0.12 0.07 MeV while that of34Si was measured as ?19.961±0.034 MeV. A comparison is made with the results of mass model predictions. 相似文献
6.
S. S. Krishnamurthy P. Ramabrahmam A. R. Vasudeva Murthy R. A. Shaw M. Woods 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》1985,522(3):226-234
The reactions of pentachloro(2′, 2′, 2′-triphenylphosphazen-1′-yl)cyclotriphosphazene, N3P3Cl5(NPPh3), with primary and secondary amines have been investigated using diethyl ether, methyl cyanid or benzene as the solvent. The structures of the products obtained, N3P3Cl5minus;nRn(NPPh3) [n = 1, R = NHMe, NHBut, NMe2, NC5H10, NEt2; n = 2, R = NMe2, NC5H10, NEt2; n = 3, R = NMe2, NHBut; n = 5, R = NMe2] are elucidated by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The ? NPPh3 substituent exerts a pronounced geminal directing influence on incoming secondary amino nucleophiles; compounds containing a ≡ PCl(NPPh3) group are not formed at the bis and subsequent stages of chlorine replacement. The reactions that involve primary amines follow the pattern established for the analogous reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. The effect of solvent and possible mechanism(s) are discussed. 相似文献
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Anthony PL Arnold RG Band HR Borel H Bosted PE Breton V Cates GD Chupp TE Dietrich FS Dunne J Erbacher R Fellbaum J Fonvieille H Gearhart R Holmes R Hughes EW Johnson JR Kawall D Keppel C Kuhn SE Lombard-Nelsen RM Marroncle J Maruyama T Meyer W Meziani Z Middleton H Morgenstern J Newbury NR Petratos GG Pitthan R Prepost R Roblin Y Rock SE Rokni SH Shapiro G Smith T Souder PA Spengos M Staley F Stuart LM Szalata ZM Terrien Y Thompson AK White JL Woods M Xu J Young CC Zapalac G 《Physical review D: Particles and fields》1996,54(11):6620-6650
9.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) kills cells via the production of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. PDT causes chromosomal damage and mutation to cultured cells. However, DNA damage does not contribute to the phototoxic effect. To study the effect of Photofrin-PDT-induced DNA damage, we used the comet assay in combination with endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase and a human keratinocyte cell line to investigate photogenotoxicity and its prevention by tocopherol (TOC). This study shows that PDT induced DNA damage in HaCaT cells at doses allowing cells to survive 7 days after irradiation. alpha-TOC did not prevent the acute cell lysis caused by Photofrin-PDT but did prevent Photofrin-PDT-induced DNA damage. However, the concentration of TOC that conferred protection (100 microM) was higher than is detected in human serum. Base oxidation was also measured using the comet assay. Although TOC could prevent frank DNA strand breaks caused by PDT, it was unable to decrease the level of base oxidation as revealed by enzyme-sensitive sites. It is suggested that the potential genotoxic risk from laser-PDT could be low, and that topical micro-TOC at a high concentration may be useful in preventing some types of DNA damage without preventing acute photolysis after Photofrin-PDT. 相似文献
10.
Alvarez-Bercedo P Bond AD Haigh R Hopkins AD Lawson GT McPartlin M Moncrieff D Mosquera ME Rawson JM Woods AD Wright DS 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2003,(11):1288-1289
The reaction of CyPHNa with Sn(NMe2)2 in the presence of PMDETA (= (Me2NCH2CH2)2NMe) gives the title compound [(Sn(mu-PCy))3(Na x PMDETA)2] (1), containing an electron-deficient [(Sn(mu-PCy))]3(2-) dianion with a novel two-electron, three centre (2e-3c) bonding arrangement. 相似文献