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From a molecular orbital study of model systems we derive the electronic requirements for the Grob fragmentation. The necessary condition for an allowed fragmentation in an X-C1-C2-C3-N system, or the amino cation +C1-C2-C3-N is the level ordering A below S . This in turn is set by maximal through-bond coupling of the empty cation orbital and the nitrogen lone pair. The conformational dependence of through-bond coupling is exactly that derived by Grob, namely parallel orientation of the cation orbital (or the C-X bond), the C2-C3-σ-bond, and the N-lone-pair. When the C1-C2-C3 and C2-C3-N angles are small, the through-space interaction dominates, reversing the level ordering to S below A , and consequently makes the fragmentation forbidden even though the conformational requirements for it are met. Ring closure becomes allowed. Some examples exploiting this result are presented, as well as procedures for enhancing through-bond coupling and thus fragmentation. The through-bond-effect has also kinetic consequences, allowing the definition of a new type of remote neighbouring group participation operative through bonds and not by direct overlap. The position of equilibria in nitrogen inversion processes should also be influenced by remote substituents which are π-acceptors or donors. 相似文献
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Wolf-Dieter Fessner Gottfried Sedelmeier Lothar Knothe Horst Prinzbach Grety Rihs Zhong-Zhi Yang Branka Kova
Edgar Heilbronner 《Helvetica chimica acta》1987,70(7):1816-1842
‘Face-to-Face’ Benzo-anellated Homologous Hypostrophenes. Syntheses, X-Ray-Structure Analyses and PE Spectra ‘Face-to-face’ Benzo-anellated homologous hypostrophenes (series M ), of interest as substrates for [6 + 6]-photocycloaddition reactions, have been synthesized. From X-ray structural analyses of 13b and 13c shortest C? C distances of 2.80(2.76)/2.71 Å and interorbital angles (ω) of 129° (128°)/130° between the benzene rings have been determined. The PE spectra are discussed in the context of transannular π,π interactions. 相似文献
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Dr. Adrián Leandro Lewandowski Dr. Sergio Tosoni Leonard Gura Dr. Zechao Yang Dr. Alexander Fuhrich Dr. Mauricio J. Prieto Dr. Thomas Schmidt Dr. Denis Usvyat Prof. Wolf-Dieter Schneider Dr. Markus Heyde Prof. Gianfranco Pacchioni Prof. Hans-Joachim Freund 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2021,27(6):1870-1885
The present review reports on the preparation and atomic-scale characterization of the thinnest possible films of the glass-forming materials silica and germania. To this end state-of-the-art surface science techniques, in particular scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory calculations have been employed. The investigated films range from monolayer to bilayer coverage where both, the crystalline and the amorphous films, contain characteristic XO4 (X=Si,Ge) building blocks. A side-by-side comparison of silica and germania monolayer, zigzag phase and bilayer films supported on Mo(112), Ru(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) leads to a more general comprehension of the network structure of glass former materials. This allows us to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous ultrathin film growth. 相似文献
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Polymeric dispersions with a concentric core-shell structure of the latex particles were obtained by a two-stage emulsion polymerization technique. Conditions for the formation of shells on polymeric seeds are discussed. SANS and SAXS investigations were carried out in order to verify the core-shell structure of the particles. DSC and IR measurements indicate the existence of an interfacial layer between core and shell polymers. The results are transferred to emulsion polymers containing inorganic filler particles. 相似文献
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We present and review dopant mapping examples in semiconductor device structures by electron holography and outline their potential applications for experimental investigation of two-dimensional (2D) dopant diffusion on the nanometer scale. We address the technical challenges of the method when applied to transistor structures with respect to quantification of the results in terms of the 2D p-n junction potential and critically review experimental boundary conditions, accuracy, and potential pitfalls. By obtaining maps of the inner electrostatic potential before and after anneals typically used in device processing, we demonstrate how the "vertical" and "lateral" redistribution of boron during device fabrication can directly be revealed. Such data can be compared with the results of process simulation to extract the fundamental parameters for dopant diffusion in complex device structures. 相似文献
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The present critical review examines the status of the research on supported, size-selected clusters with specific emphasis on their size-dependent physical and chemical properties. We describe the most relevant experimental methods with their advantages and drawbacks for the production of size-selected clusters and look critically at the present evidence for soft-landing of the clusters onto solid surfaces. Growth and characterization of cluster support materials are surveyed and the important role of surface defects for the properties of the supported clusters is considered. Recent advances in the characterization of the supported, size-selected clusters with local and non-local surface science analytical tools are presented and a few illustrative examples for size effects are given. Of specific and possibly broad impact on heterogeneous catalysis, we consider the discovery of the size-dependence of chemical reactions on very small supported clusters where recent experimental and theoretical evidence indicates charge transfer from the support to the cluster. This charge transfer turns inactive clusters into active ones, opening new perspectives to tune catalytic processes on the nanoscale. 相似文献
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