Determination of Cu and Ni in plants by microdialysis sampling: Comparison of dialyzable metal fractions with total metal content

Microdialysis sampling is presented as an in situ sampling and sample clean-up technique with the potential to be used for determination of metals in plant suspension. Suspensions prepared from ultra pure water and flowers of a Blepharis aspera plant species obtained from a Cu and Ni mineralized site were sampled for Cu and Ni by microdialysis sampling after incorporating an optimal 0.05% (w/v) composition of humic acid in the perfusion liquid. Acid digestion of the plant samples was employed for quantification of Cu and Ni by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. All microdialysis sampling experiments were carried out at room temperature under quiescent conditions using a concentric type of microdialysis probe and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for metal quantification. The versatility of microdialysis as an in situ sampling and sample clean-up technique was demonstrated by the ability to sample Cu and Ni from the complex matrices of plant suspensions. Linear relations between the concentrations of Cu and Ni determined after microdialysis sampling and acid digestion were established and the constant concentration ratios of the metals were found to be 0.0138 and 0.0440 respectively for Cu and Ni thus demonstrating the potential that microdialysis sampling has in prediction of metal concentrations in plant suspension after direct relation with the acid digestion method.     

Determination of Al, Cu, Li and Mn in spruce seeds and plant reference materials by slurry sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

An ultrasonic slurry sampling graphite furnace AAS method was developed for the determination of Al, Cu, Li and Mn in spruce seeds, NBS SRM 1575 pine needles and GBW CRM 07602 bush branches and leaves. The only sample preparation was grinding in a Mixer Mill before preparing a slurry by adding 0.14 mol/L nitric acid to a small sample aliquot. Cryogenic grinding was used for the spruce seeds to solve the problem of agglomerating during grinding at room temperature. A modified sample tray was applied allowing the use of both the commercial 1.5 mL vials and home-made 15 mL vials. With optimal conditions for ultrasonic agitation the homogeneity and particle size distributions in the slurries prepared in the two different vials were similar. Several aspects of the slurry sampling approach are discussed and data of important parameters are given, including the total number of particles injected into the graphite furnace, densities of the materials and percentage of analyte extracted into the liquid phase of the slurry. The density of the materials was determined by two methods; by using a Coulter particle analyser and by using a gravimetric method. The two methods gave similar accuracy and precision. The concentration ranges of the elements (in microg g(-1)) were: 80-2100 for Al, 3-15 for Cu, 0.06-2.5 for Li and 50-700 for Mn. External calibration with aqueous standards was employed. Chemical modifiers were not found to be necessary. The relative standard deviations were in the range 1.7-7%. Analyses of the two certified plant reference materials confirmed the accuracy of the method. In addition no significant difference was found for analyses of digested and slurried spruce seeds. The detection limit was 10 ng g(-1) for Li and 170 ng g(-1) for Cu. The characteristic mass (area measurements) was 4.4 pg for Li and 11 pg for Cu. For Al and Mn less sensitive wavelengths were used.     

Direct Analysis of Beer by ICP-AES: A Very Simple Method for the Determination of Cu, Mn and Fe

A very simple method for determination of trace amount of Cu, Mn and Fe in beer by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-AES) was developed. The beer was directly introduced into the plasma, without dilution or adding of reagents, via a conventional V-groove nebulizer. The only sample preparation used was degassing of the beer to remove CO₂. By optimizing the ICP-AES parameters (RF power and Nebulizer gas flow rate) and by the appropriate choice of wavelengths for measurements, sufficient accuracy for the determination of the trace metals was obtained. Various types of beers were analysed by the direct ICP-AES method and for comparison, also with two other methods: by GFAAS and ICP-AES after decomposition. No significant difference was found for Cu and Mn (ANOVA, 95% confidence level) using the three methods. This was normally also the case for Fe; only in one case did the result of Fe by the direct method deviate from the other methods (10% lower results). The limit of detection for the direct method was estimated to 1.1, 0.3, and 1.1 ng mL⁻¹ for Cu, Mn, and Fe, respectively.     

Comparison of single-phase and two-phase measurements in extraction,separation and back-extraction of Cd,Zn and Co from a multi-element matrix using Aliquat 336

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Cd and Zn were separated from Co, from chloride solutions containing 16 different metal ions. The separation method used was liquid–liquid...     

Determination of antimony in wine by hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

 A method was developed for the determination of Sb in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, based on preconcentration by hydride generation with collection directly in the graphite furnace. Thiourea was added for prereduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III). The hydride was directly generated from diluted wine. Palladium was used as modifier in the collection step; the overall efficiency of the hydride/trapping system was found to be 67%. Sb was determined in several samples of red wine; the concentrations found were in the range 0.6 to 5.7 μg/L Sb. The detection limit of the method was 39 pg Sb, corresponding to 0.13 μg/L Sb in wine when 0.3 mL wine was analyzed. Received: 3 November 1995/Revised: 22 February 1996/Accepted: 24 February 1996     

Potential of Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization for solving spectral interference in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry

Spectral interference is one of the main causes of erroneous results in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). This paper describes some cases of spectral interferences with conventional nebulization ICP-OES and the potential of solving them utilizing electrothermal vaporization for volatility-based separation. The cases studied were, the well-known spectral overlap between the As and Cd lines at 228.8 nm that are only 10 pm apart, and the interference of Fe on the main emission lines of As, Cd and Pb. The spectral interferences were studied by monitoring the typical signals of solutions that contain the analytes and the potential interferent, by studying the spectra and calculating Background Equivalent Concentration (BEC)-values. A three step temperature program was developed to be used for direct analysis of solid soil samples by Electrothermal Vaporization (ETV)-ICP-OES: step 1 (760 °C, 40 s), step 2 (1620 °C, 20 s) and a cleaning step (2250 °C, 10 s) where Cd vaporizes in step 1, As, Pb and part of Fe in step 2 and the major part of Fe in the cleaning step. Because As and Cd were time-separated using this program, their prominent lines at 228.8 nm, could be used for determination of each element by ETV-ICP-OES, in spite of the serious wavelength overlap. Selective vaporization was also shown to reduce or eliminate the Fe background emission on As, Cd and Pb lines. To confirm the applicability of the method, a solid soil certified reference materials was analyzed directly without any sample treatment. Good or reasonable accuracy was obtained for the three elements.     

Enhancing the microdialysis recovery for sampling of Cu and Ni by incorporating humic acid in the perfusion liquid

A strategy to enhance the microdialysis relative recovery for sampling of Cu and Ni ions is presented. Enhanced recovery was achieved by incorporating humic acid, a binding agent, in the microdialysis perfusion liquid during sampling from a Cu and Ni standard solution mixture. All microdialysis sampling experiments were carried out at room temperature under quiescent conditions using a concentric type of microdialysis probe with an adjustable effective dialysis length. For all metal determinations electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was employed. Metal recoveries were shown to be dependent on the membrane molecular weight cut-off, perfusion rate, sample solution pH, perfusion liquid composition as well as perfusion liquid pH. Complete recoveries (100%) of Cu and Ni were obtained by microdialysis sampling using a 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off polysulfone membrane at a flow-rate of 2 μl/min employing a 0.05% (w/v) optimal composition of humic acid incorporated in the perfusion liquid. The optimal sampling pH of humic acid was determined to be 6 where most oxygen containing functional groups are dissociated and available for metal binding. These data have important ramifications for sampling and determination of metal ions in small sample solutions (∼10 ml) at very low concentrations in the ppb range.     

Determination of gallium in soil by slurry-sampling graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry

A graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometric method, utilizing ultrasonic slurry-sampling has been developed for the determination of Ga in soils. Calibration with aqueous standards and with slurries prepared from a certified soil reference material were both employed. When calibration with soil slurries was used no modifier was needed. Because lower and more variable sensitivity was obtained for Ga in aqueous standards than for Ga in slurry soil samples, external calibration with aqueous Ga standards required a suitable chemical modifier to level out the sensitivity difference. Of the many potential modifiers tested, i.e. Al, As, Co, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pd+Mg, Se, and Te, Ni was found to be best. When Ni (1.0 mg mL(-1), 10 micro L) was injected to the graphite tube with the aqueous standards or slurry samples (10 micro L) accurate results were obtained. Both methods of calibration gave acceptable accuracy and precision. The repeatability was 相似文献   

Determination of antimony in wine by hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

 A method was developed for the determination of Sb in wine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, based on preconcentration by hydride generation with collection directly in the graphite furnace. Thiourea was added for prereduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III). The hydride was directly generated from diluted wine. Palladium was used as modifier in the collection step; the overall efficiency of the hydride/trapping system was found to be 67%. Sb was determined in several samples of red wine; the concentrations found were in the range 0.6 to 5.7 μg/L Sb. The detection limit of the method was 39 pg Sb, corresponding to 0.13 μg/L Sb in wine when 0.3 mL wine was analyzed. Received: 3 November 1995/Revised: 22 February 1996/Accepted: 24 February 1996