Numerical Modeling of Solitons in a Low Birefringent Optical Fiber

A numerical investigation, based on the split-step Fourier transform algorithm of all optical switching of solitons in a low birefringent optical fiber is presented. The numerical algorithm is described in detail. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Size,chromatic number,and connectivity

We consider the minimum number of edges in ak-edge-connected graph of ordern with chromatic number at leastc, obtaining the optimal bounds in most cases.     

Two New and a Known Compound from Lawsonia inermis

A new obtusafuran derivative, lawsonicin ( 1 ), and a new naphthaquinone, lawsonadeem ( 2 ), along with a known constituent, vomifoliol ( 3 ), were isolated from the aerial parts of Lawsonia alba and characterized by chemical transformation and spectroscopic experiments, including 2D‐NMR techniques.     

Molten lithium carbonate—sodium carbonate—potassium carbonate eutectic: The reaction of ten main group acidic oxides and oxyanions

The reactions of ten main group acidic oxides and oxyanions with molten alkali metal carbonate eutectics have been studied by thermogravimetry. Products have been identified by IR and Raman spectroscopy and stoichiometries suggested for the several reactions as oxide is progressively incorporated. Ultimately the tetrahedral ortho-oxyanion was formed except with the less acidic oxides (As₂O₃, Sb₂O₃, SiO₂). Sulphite was partially oxidised by the carbon dioxide atmosphere to sulphate.     

Titanium(IV) tungstosilicate and titanium(IV) tungstophosphate: two new inorganic ion exchangers

Crystalline phases of Ti(IV) tungstosilicate and Ti(IV) tungstophosphate have been synthesised. The ion-exchange capacities of Ti(IV) tungstosilicate and Ti(IV) tungstophosphate have been reported as 0.44 and 0.80 mequiv./g, respectively. Both materials show monofunctional ion-exchange characteristic and are stable in 0.1 M solutions of HNO3, HCl, H2SO4 and acetone and benzene. Ti(IV) tungstosilicate is found to be more stable thermally than Ti(IV) tungstophosphate (loss in ion-exchange capacity was found as 58 and 80%, respectively for samples heated at 200 degrees C). The Kd values for heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, Cd, Sb, Co, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cr etc. have been reported in demineralised water and two surfactant media by batch processes. Cr3+, Fe3+ and Sn4+ are totally adsorbed on both the materials in demineralised water while a decrease in Kd value with increase in concentration of two surfactants is reported. On the basis of Kd values for metal ions, thirteen binary separations and five ternary separations on Ti(IV) tungstosilicate and thirteen different binary separations and four different ternary separations on Ti(IV) tungstophosphate have been achieved. Separation of methylamine from ethylamine has been done by GC on a column packed with Ti(IV) tungstophosphate.     

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of n-Tributyltin Derivatives of Pharmaceutically Active Carboxylates

Summary.  Tributyltin(IV) derivatives of six different pharmaceutically active carboxylates were synthesized. The complexes were characterized by different analytical techniques (elemental analysis; infrared, NMR, and mass spectroscopy). ¹¹⁹Sn NMR data were also recorded in six different coordinating and non-coordinating solvents. The antibacterial activities of the compounds were tested using ten different bacteria relative to the reference drugs ampicillin and cephalexin. Received September 20, 2001. Accepted (revised) December 6, 2001     

Molten nitrate eutectics: The reaction of four lanthanide chlorides

The reactions of lanthanum(III), cerium(III), praseodymium(III) and europium(III) chlorides have been studied in the molten lithium nitrate-potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate eutectics. The ultimate reaction products have been shown to be oxides (La₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ and Eu₂O₃, respectively) which increased the rate of decomposition of the melts, while in three cases an intermediate oxide nitrate was formed (LaONO₃, PrONO₃ and EuONO₃). The temperatures and stoichiometries of the reactions have been established.