Interfacial Adsorption in Two-Dimensional Potts Models

The interfacial adsorption W at the first-order transition in two-dimensional q-state Potts models is studied. In particular, findings of Monte Carlo simulations and of density-matrix renormalization group calculations at q=16 are consistent with the analytic result, obtained in the Hamiltonian limit at large values of q, that Wt ^–1/3 on approach to the bulk critical temperature T _c, t=|T _c–T|/T _c. In addition, the numerical findings allow to estimate corrections to scaling. Our study supports and quantifies a previous conclusion by Bricmont and Lebowitz based on low temperature expansions.     

A hidden Markov model with molecular mechanics energy-scoring function for transmembrane helix prediction

A range of methods has been developed to predict transmembrane helices and their topologies. Although most of these algorithms give good predictions, no single method consistently outperforms the others. However, combining different algorithms is one approach that can potentially improve the accuracy of the prediction. We developed a new method that initially uses a hidden Markov model to predict alternative models for membrane spanning helices in proteins. The algorithm subsequently identifies the best among models by ranking them using a novel scoring function based on the folding energy of transmembrane helical fragments. This folding of helical fragments and the incorporation into membrane is modeled using CHARMm, extended with the Generalized Born surface area solvent model (GBSA/IM) with implicit membrane. The combined method reported here, TMHGB significantly increases the accuracy of the original hidden Markov model-based algorithm.     

Basicity,quaternization and hydrolysis of 2H- and 4H-1,3-benzothiazine isomers

Summary The basicities of 2H- and 4H-1,3-benzothiazines (1,2) were measured spectrophotometrically in buffer solutions. The rates of quaternization with methyl iodide were monitored in sealed ampoules by an oscillometric method. The stabilities were determined by measurement of the rate of acidic hydrolysis via changes in the uv/vis spectra. As a cyclic Schiff base, 4-aryl-2H-1,3-benzothiazine (2) is the stronger base, and reacts about ten times faster with methyl iodide; its stability is greater than that of 2-aryl-4H-1,3-benzothiazine (1). On the basis of these results and by means of the different water-solubilities of the hydrochlorides the isomers formed during the synthesis can be separated and purified.

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Basizität, Quaternisierung und Hydrolyse von isomeren 2H- und 4H-Benzothiazinen

Zusammenfassung Die Basizität und die Geschwindigkeit der Hydrolyse von 2H- und 4-H-Benzothiazinen (1,2) in saurer Lösung wurde UV/VIS spektroskopisch gemessen. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Quarternisierung mit Methyljodid wurde oszillometrisch in geschlossenen Ampullen bestimmt. 4-Aryl-2H-1,3-benzothiazin (2) ist als zyklische Schiffsche Base die stärkere Base, deren Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit Methyljodid ungefähr zehnmal größer ist als die des 2-Aryl-4H-1,3-benzothiazin (1);2 ist auch stabiler. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse und der unterschiedlichen Wasserlöslichkeit ihrer Hydrochloride konnten die während der Synthese nebeneinander entstehenden Isomeren getrennt werden.

     

Stereochemical studies 98. Saturated heterocycles 100. Synthesis of stereoisomeric 2-ethylimino-3,1-perhydrobenzoxazines and benzothiazines

With ethyl isothiocyanate, the stereoisomericcis- andtrans-2-hydroxymethyl-1-cyclohexylamines and theirN-methyl andN-benzyl derivatives (4 a–c,5 a–c) furnished the corresponding thiocarbamates (6 a–c,7 a–c). Treatment of compounds6 and7 with methyl iodide and subsequent alkali treatment afforded 3,1-perhydrobenzoxazines8 a–c,9 a–c, while cyclization of compounds6 and7 to the 3,1-perhydrobenzothiazines10 a–c,11 a–c was performed with HCl. It was found that the predominant conformation of theN-unsubstitutedcis isomers8 a and10 a is theN-inside form, while theN-substituted derivatives8 b,c and10 b,c have theN-outside preferred conformation.

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Stereochemische Untersuchungen, 98. Gesättigte Heterocyclen, 100. Synthese von stereoisomeren 2-Ethylimino-3,1-perhydrobenzoxazinen und benzothiazinen

Zusammenfassung Aus den stereoisomerencis- undtrans-2-Hydroxymethyl-1-cyclohexylaminen und ihrenN-Methyl- undN-Benzylderivaten (4 a–c,5 a–c) wurden mit Ethylisothiocyanat die entsprechenden Thiocarbamate (6 a–c,7 a–c) erhalten. Behandlung der Verbindungen6 und7 mit Methyljodid und anschließend Alkali ergab die 3,1-Perhydrobenzoxazine8 a–c,9 a–c, während mit HCl die Cyclisierung zu den 3,1-Perhydrobenzothiazinen10 a–c,11 a–c eintrat. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die bevorzugte Konformation derN-unsubstituiertencis-Isomeren8 a und10 a die N-innen-Form ist, während die derN-substituierten Derivate8 b,c und10 b,c bevorzugt in der N-außen-Form vorliegen.

     

Quantification of Conversion Degree and Monomer Elution from Dental Composite Using HPLC and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

The purpose of the study was to analyze the correlation between the quantity of eluted monomers from dental resin-based composite using reverse-phase HPLC and the degree of conversion (DC) using micro-Raman spectroscopy, and to evaluate the influence of the energy of polymerization delivered on the composite material and the applied resin layer thickness on these properties. There was direct proportion in degree of conversion and inverse proportion in monomer elution when the energy of light polymerization was increased from 20 to 40 J cm^?2; however, further increase in energy density did not influence significantly the DC and the elution of monomers. Investigating the depth of cure significant differences could be measured both in DC and the elution of monomers. 1 mm layer increment up to 3 mm from the top led to 10 % decrease in DC and 30–35 % increase in monomer elution. Further increase in depth from 3 to 4 mm caused 30 % drop in DC and 55 % increase in the amount of leached monomers. The overall result of the findings indicates that direct correlation exists between DC of composite and the elution of unreacted monomers.     

Quantification of Conversion Degree and Monomer Elution from Dental Composite Using HPLC and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy

The purpose of the study was to analyze the correlation between the quantity of eluted monomers from dental resin-based composite using reverse-phase HPLC and the degree of conversion (DC) using micro-Raman spectroscopy, and to evaluate the influence of the energy of polymerization delivered on the composite material and the applied resin layer thickness on these properties. There was direct proportion in degree of conversion and inverse proportion in monomer elution when the energy of light polymerization was increased from 20 to 40 J cm⁻²; however, further increase in energy density did not influence significantly the DC and the elution of monomers. Investigating the depth of cure significant differences could be measured both in DC and the elution of monomers. 1 mm layer increment up to 3 mm from the top led to 10 % decrease in DC and 30–35 % increase in monomer elution. Further increase in depth from 3 to 4 mm caused 30 % drop in DC and 55 % increase in the amount of leached monomers. The overall result of the findings indicates that direct correlation exists between DC of composite and the elution of unreacted monomers.

     

Two-Dimensional Dilute Ising Models: Critical Behavior near Defect Lines

We consider two-dimensional Ising models with randomly distributed ferromagnetic bonds and study the local critical behavior at defect lines by extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Both for ladder- and chain-type defects, nonuniversal critical behavior is observed: the critical exponent of the defect magnetization is found to be a continuous function of the strength of the defect coupling. Analyzing corresponding stability conditions, we obtain new evidence that the critical exponent of the bulk correlation length of the random Ising model does not depend on dilution, i.e., =1.