Brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐para‐methylstyrene) (BIMS)‐clay nanocomposites: Synthesis and characterization

In this work, preparation and properties of different nanoclays modified by organic amines (octadecyl amine, a primary amine, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, a tertiary amine) and brominated polyisobutylene‐co‐paramethylstyrene (BIMS)‐clay nanocomposites are reported. The clays and the rubber nanocomposites have been characterized with the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The X‐ray diffraction peaks observed in the range of 3 °–10 ° for the modified clays disappear in the rubber nanocomposites. TEM photographs show predominantly exfoliation of the clays in the range of 12 ± 4 nm in the BIMS. In the FTIR spectra of the nanocomposites, there are common peaks of virgin rubber as well as those of the clays. Excellent improvement in mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus is observed on incorporation of the nanoclays in the BIMS. Structure‐property correlation in the above nanocomposites is attempted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4489–4502, 2004     

Electrical characterization of low temperature deposited TiO2 films on strained-SiGe layers

Thin films of titanium dioxide have been deposited on strained Si_0.82Ge_0.18 epitaxial layers using titanium tetrakis-isopropoxide [TTIP, Ti(O-i-C₃H₇)₄] and oxygen by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The films have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Dielectric constant, equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), interface state density (D_it), fixed oxide charge density (Q_f/q) and flat-band voltage (V_FB) of as-deposited films were found to be 13.2, 40.6 Å, 6×10¹¹ eV⁻¹ cm⁻², 3.1×10¹¹ cm⁻² and −1.4 V, respectively. The capacitance–voltage (C–V), current–voltage (I–V) characteristics and charge trapping behavior of the films under constant current stressing exhibit an excellent interface quality and high dielectric reliability making the films suitable for microelectronic applications.     

Studies on ion association. Calorimetric study of the formation of monoazido complexes of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)

From rehydration experiments the hydrates Ba(OH)₂ · 8 H₂O, Ba(OH)₂ · 3 H₂O β-Ba(OH)₂, · 1 H₂O, and γ-Ba(OH)₂ · 1 H₂O have been found in the system Ba(OH)₂-H₂O. Thermoanalytical measurements (DTA, TG, DTG, high temperature X-ray diffraction, high temperature Raman scattering) on these hydrates are reported. Thermal decomposition of Ba(OH)₂ · 8 H₂O and Ba(OH)₂ · 3 H₂O always results in the formation of β-Ba(OH)₂ · 1 H₂O, the stable form of the monohydrates at ambient temperature. Dehydration of β- and γ-Ba(OH)₂ · 1 H₂O, both of which form anhydrous β-Ba(OH)₂ as the first product of decomposition, starts at 105 and 115°C, respectively. Single crystals of Ba(OH)₂ · 3 H₂O and γ-Ba(OH)₂ · 1 H₂O were prepared from Ba(OH)₂ · 8 H₂O meltings and from ethanolic solutions of Ba(OH)₂ , respectively. The crystal data are: Ba(OH)₂ · 3 H₂O (orthorhombic, Pnma): a = 764.0(2), b = 1140,3(5), c = 596.5(1) pm, Z = 4; γ-Ba(OH)₂ · 1 H₂O (monoclinic, P2₁/m or P2₁): a = 704.9(2), b = 418.4(1), c = 633.3(1) pm, β = 111.45(2)°, Z = 2.     

Formatation of pore structure in tape-cast alumina membranes – effects of binder content and firing temperature

Disc type ceramic aluminium oxide membrane has been prepared by tape casting technique. Thickness of this single layer membrane is in the range 200–300 μm. Porosity and pore size distribution have been determined by mercury porosimetry. Polymeric binder content of the green tape and the firing temperature are found to have strong influence on the average pore size, pore size distribution and overall porosity. Higher binder content promotes agglomeration of the ceramic particles, which on firing leads to wider pore size distribution and formation of closed pores. Pore coarsening is observed with increasing firing temperature.     

Polymerization of vinylcarbazole on copper(II)-13X molecular sieves: Role of copper(II) salts

Copper(II)-exchanged-13X molecular sieves, prepared from four copper(II) salts, namely, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and acetate, and their activities in the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole at a fixed copper ion exchange level were studied. From the kinetic characteristics of polymerization it was established that the variation in activities of the Cu-exchanged sieves is due primarily to the difference in the pH of the original salt solution, which is responsible for the varying degree of proton exchange with the zeolite during copper ion exchange. A first-order dependence of the rate of polymerization was observed with respect to H⁺ ion concentration of the original copper-salt solution. It was further established that the rate of polymerization of exchanged copper ion, at a hypothetical zero proton concentration, is low. A mechanism of polymerization of NVC on copper-exchanged-13X zeolite was suggested on the basis of the results obtained.     

Nanoparticles from cationic copolymer and DNA that are soluble and stable in common organic solvents

DNA by virtue of its superlative ability to self-assemble has found use beyond biological research in the design and fabrication of nanomaterials. However, developing novel DNA-based materials for chemical applications might be restricted due to the insoluble nature of DNA in most common organic solvents. In this Communication, we are reporting the first demonstration of making DNA soluble in a variety of nonbiological solvents such as acetonitrile, benzene, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and tetrahydrofuran with the help of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based cationic random copolymers. Because of complex formation between cationic copolymer and anionic DNA, nanoparticles are formed. These nanoparticles are expected to exhibit micelle-like structures with a nanometric core of cationic units neutralized by phosphate anions of DNA, surrounded by a shell of PEG segments. As PEG is soluble in the organic solvents used in this study, nanoparticles are stable in these solvents, making entrapped DNA soluble in these organic solvents.     

Transition metal carbene chemistry 2: kinetic studies on the nucleophilic substitution reactions of (CO)5MC(SCH3)CH3 (M = Cr and W) with morpholine in aqueous acetonitrile

Kinetic studies of the aminolysis of [methyl(thiomethyl)carbene]pentacarbonyl chromium(0),(CO)₅CrC(CH₃)(SCH₃) (1-Cr(S)) and [methyl(thiomethyl)carbene]pentacarbonyltungsten(0), (CO)₅WC(CH₃)(SCH₃) (1-W(S)), with morpholine, a secondary amine, in 50% acetonitrile-50% H₂O (v/v at 25 °C) is reported. The second-order rate constant (k_A in m⁻¹ s⁻¹) increases with amine concentration, giving a linear dependence with an intercept on the rate axis and a tendency towards leveling off at higher amine concentration. The reaction was found to undergo general base catalysis. The mechanism proposed is very similar to those for ester reactions, involving a nucleophilic addition of amine to the substrate to yield a zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate in the first step, followed by deprotonation to form in the second step, which, in the third step, converted to product by H₂O and/or conjugate acid of the base (BH⁺), assisted MeS⁻ expulsion. The reactivity (k₁) of 1-W(S) was found to be higher than that of 1-Cr(S), whereas, comparable , water catalyzed and , BH⁺ catalyzed, leaving group departure were found for both the carbenes complexes. All these observations have been explained successfully.     

Carbene-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of dinucleophilic hydrazones and bromoenals for access to aryl-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs

4,5-Dihydropyridazinones bearing an aryl substituent at the C6-position are important motifs in drug molecules. Herein, we developed an efficient protocol to access aryl-dihydropyridazinone molecules via carbene-catalyzed asymmetric annulation between dinucleophilic arylidene hydrazones and bromoenals. Key steps in this reaction include polarity-inversion of aryl aldehyde-derived hydrazones followed by chemo-selective reaction with enal-derived α,β-unsaturated acyl azolium intermediates. The aryl-dihydropyridazinone products accessed by our protocol can be readily transformed into drugs and bioactive molecules.

Polarity inversion of arylidene hydrazones to react with bromoenals via carbene organic catalysis is disclosed. The reaction enantioselectively affords 6-aryl-4,5-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs with proven commercial applications.     

Synthesis and human leukocyte elastase inhibitory activity of novel 2-spiro(2′,2′-diphenylcyclopropane) cephalosporin sulfones

A new series of 2-spiro(2,2-diphenylcyclopropane) cephalosporin sulfones was synthesizes as potent human leukocyte elastase inhibitors.SynPhar Laboratories Inc., #2 Taiho Alberta Centre, 4290-91A Street, Edmonton, Canada T6R 5V2. Published in Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1517–1523, November, 1998.     

Studies on monobactams II. Synthesis and β-lactamase inhibitory activity of 4α-methyl-3-[(thien-2-yl)-methylene]-2-azetidinone-1-sulfonate

Two monobactam derivatives, potassium 4-methyl-(3E)-[(thien-2-yl)methylene]-2-azetidinone-1-sulfonate and its (3Z)-isomer, were prepared and evaluated for their -lactamase inhibitory activities. These compounds were devoid of -lactamase inhibitory activity.SynPhar Laboratories Inc., #2, 4290-91A Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 5V2, Canada. Tokushima Research Institute, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 224-2 Ebisuno Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-01, Japan. Published in Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1548–1552, November, 1998.