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1.
Bernhard Von Stengel 《Annals of Operations Research》1988,16(1):161-183
This paper integrates and extends the theory of the decomposition of multiattribute expected-utility functions based on utility independence. In a preliminary section, the standard decision model of expected utility is briefly discussed, including the fact that the decision maker's preference forlotteries with two outcomes determines the utility function uniquely. The decomposition possibilities of a utility function are captured by the concept ofautonomous sets of attributes, an affine separability of some kind known as generalized utility independence.Overlapping autonomous sets lead to biaffine-associative, i.e.multiplicative oradditive decompositions. The multiplicative representation shows that autonomy has strongerclosure properties than utility independence, for instance with respect to set-theoretic difference. Autonomy is also a concept with a wider scope since it applies to the decomposition of Boolean functions, games and a number of other topics in combinatorial optimization. This relationship to the well-known theory ofsubstitution decomposition in discrete mathematics also reveals a kind of discrete core behind the decomposition of utility functions. The entirety of autonomous sets can be represented by a compact data structure, the so-calledcomposition tree, which frequently corresponds to a natural hierarchy of attributes. Multiplicative/additive ormulti-affine functions correspond to the hierarchy steps. The known representation of multi-affine functions is shown to be given by aMoebius inversion formula. The entire approach has the advantage that it allows the application of more sophisticated representation methods on a detailed level, whereas it employs onlyfinite set theory andarithmetic on the main levels in the hierarchy. 相似文献
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Martinez-Diaz MV Rodriguez-Morgade MS Feiters MC van Kan PJ Nolte RJ Stoddart JF Torres T 《Organic letters》2000,2(8):1057-1060
[formula: see text] New unsymmetrically substituted DB24C8-phthalocyanines, which are able to form complexes with suitable dialkylammonium cations, have been prepared. These complexes most probably have a pseudorotaxane geometry. 相似文献
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The intramolecular and long-range ferromagnetic coupling between p-phenylenediamine radical cations in head-to-tail coupled oligo(1, 4-phenyleneethynylene)s and oligo(1,4-phenylenvinylene)s between neighbors and next-nearest neighbors is described. UV/vis/near-IR experiments show that the radical cations are localized in the pendant p-phenylenediamine units of the conjugated oligomers. The ESR spectra of these oligo(1,4-phenyleneethynylene) and oligo(1, 4-phenylenvinylene) di(radical cation)s are consistent with those of a triplet state. A linear behavior is observed for the doubly integrated ESR intensity of the DeltaM(s) = +/-1 and DeltaM(s) = +/-2 signals with the inverse temperature (I approximately 1/T), consistent with Curie's law. This behavior indicates a triplet ground-state diradical with a large triplet-singlet energy gap or possibly a degeneracy of singlet and triplet states. 相似文献
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Luis M. Fidalgo Graeme Whyte Dr. Brandon T. Ruotolo Dr. Justin L. P. Benesch Dr. Florian Stengel Chris Abell Prof. Carol V. Robinson Prof. Wilhelm T. S. Huck Prof. 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2009,48(20):3665-3668
Fully integrated : Mass spectrometry has been integrated into a detection scheme for microdroplets that are created within microfluidic channels (see picture, scale bar 200 μm). This technique allows droplets to be identified based on the compounds they contain, and combines fluorescence screening with MS analysis. These experiments indicate how similar approaches can be applied to the ambitious goals of on‐chip protein evolution and chemical synthesis.
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Edi?Bralatei Karolina?Nekrosiute Jenny?Ronan Andrea?Raab Evin?McGovern Dagmar?B.?Stengel Eva?M.?Krupp Joerg?FeldmannEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Mikrochimica acta》2017,184(6):1701-1709
Inorganic arsenic (iAs) in 13 store-bought edible seaweed samples and 34 dried kelp (Laminaria digitata) samples was determined by a newly developed, field-deployable method (FDM) with the aid of a field test kit for arsenic in water. Results from the FDM were compared to results from speciation analysis achieved by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). The FDM consisted of a simple extraction method using diluted HNO3 to quantitatively extract iAs without decomposing the organoarsenicals to iAs followed by the selective volatilisation of iAs as arsine (AsH3) and subsequent chemo-trapping on a filter paper soaked in mercury bromide (HgBr2) solution. Method optimization with a sub-set of samples showed 80–94% iAs recovery with the FDM with no matrix effect from organo-arsenic species in the form of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on the iAs concentration. The method displayed good reproducibility with an average error of ±19% and validation by HPLC-ICP-MS showed that the results from the FDM were comparable (slope = 1.03, R2 = 0.70) to those from speciation analysis with no bias. The FDM can be conducted within an hour and the observed limit of quantification was around 0.05 mg kg?1 (dry weight). This method is well suited for on-site monitoring of iAs in seaweed before it is harvested and can thus be recommended for use as a screening method for iAs in seaweed. 相似文献
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The irreversible (6x6) reconstruction of the C(60)/Al(111) system from the (2sqrt[3]x2sqrt[3])R30 degrees phase is studied by first-principles techniques. We find that C60 binds optimally to the surface if an Al vacancy is created directly underneath. The removed Al atoms form a (6x6) array of ad-dimers in the interstices below the C60 overlayer, to which they strongly bind. This spontaneous local process, rather than the compression state of the unreconstructed C60 overlayer, explains why one molecule out of three protrudes from the surface upon reconstruction. 相似文献
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Lantz MA Hug HJ van Schendel PJ Hoffmann R Martin S Baratoff A Abdurixit A Guntherodt H Gerber C 《Physical review letters》2000,84(12):2642-2645
A low temperature scanning force microscope (SFM) operating in a dynamic mode in ultrahigh vacuum was used to study the Si(111)- (7x7) surface at 7.2 K. Not only the twelve adatoms but also the six rest atoms of the unit cell are clearly resolved for the first time with SFM. In addition, the first measurements of the short range chemical bonding forces above specific atomic sites are presented. The data are in good agreement with first principles computations and indicate that the nearest atoms in the tip and sample relax significantly when the tip is within a few A of the surface. 相似文献