Observations on the nuclear interactions of cosmic ray pions and nucleons at energies ≳ 20 GeV

Detailed features of extremely collimated nuclear interactions induced by cosmic ray particles in carbon and brass (belonging to group I as classified in Part I of this series of papers) are presented. These extremely collimated nuclear interactions seem to be preferentially induced by pions rather than by nucleons; also the relative frequency of these seems to be less when brass is used as target compared to the case with carbon as target. The distribution of multiplicities of secondary particles emitted in the forward direction show certain regularities in the case of interactions induced by charged primaries. Observations on the γ-rays associated with these events give support to the interpretation that in these inelastic collisions pions are produced in pairs in the forward direction with low transverse momentum. It is suggested that such a low energy di-pion system could be the same as found in the so-called ABC effect.     

Time structure of the hadronic component of extensive air showers

Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences - A detailed study of the time structure of hadrons of energy > 5 GeV in extensive air showers has been carried out at Ootacamund (8·00 gm/cm2) using...     

Relations Among Heegner Cycles on Families of Abelian Surfaces

We compute relations of rational equivalence among special codimension 2 cycles on families of Abelian surfaces using elements of a higher Chow group. These relations are similar to those between Heegner points and special divisors obtained by Zagier, Van der Geer and others.     

Degradation of organic dye using ZnO nanorods based continuous flow water purifier

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a common semiconductor material uses in waste water treatment. However, utilizing of ZnO particles could be easily drained away by water and charged into the water system during the photocatalytic treatment. This could result of forming secondary pollution in the water system. Hence, it is necessity to grow ZnO nanorods on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber to minimize the above mentioned problem. In this work, ZnO nanorods were grown on the flexible PET fiber in large quantity using a sol–gel method at low temperature (90 °C). A layer of 1-dodacanethiol polymer was per-coated on the PET fiber to improve the deposition of ZnO seed layer prior to the growth of ZnO nanorods. The PET fiber was covered with high areal density of ZnO nanorods (10.2 ± 0.8 NRs/μm²). Subsequently, this PET fiber was inserted into a glass tube for the setup of continuous flow water purifier. The photocatalytic study for degradation of Rhodamine B solution using this setup indicated that the reaction followed 1st order kinetic with rate constant of 1.28 h^?1. The ZnO nanorods were still intact with the fiber after the photocatalytic study. Thus, it is possible to upscale this setup as water purifier to purify the water system.     

Ratio of pions to protons and ratio of neutral to charged interacting particles at mountain altitude of 800 gm/cm2

Using a combined set-up of a multiplate cloud chamber, an air Cerenkov counter and a total absorption spectrometer, the ratio of pions to protons not associated with large air showers has been determined to be 0·50 ± ·07 in the energy region 20–40 GeV at an altitude of 800 gm/cm². In the same energy region the ratio of neutral to charged particles is found to be 0·66 ± ·07. From the ratio of neutrons to protons deduced from these measurements (i.e., 0·99 ± ·11), it is concluded that most of the charge excess of nuclear active particles of energies > 20 GeV at mountain altitudes and sea-level is due to pions.     

Search for heavy mass particles in extensive air showers

A large multiplate cloud chamber with fast timing scintillators inside is being operated with the extensive air shower array at Ootacamund to further elucidate the time structure of high energy hardons in air showers. The major interest in the present investigation is to understand the nature of the large delay (>20 ns) high energy (>40 GeV) events that appeared as strong cndidates for heavy mass particles in an earlier experiment carried out with a total absorption spectrometer. Two events observed during one year’s operation of the experiment are discussed. Now deceased.     

Results from the KGF proton decay experiment

Summary The data from the KGF experiment at the depth of 2.3 km underground are used to search for GUT signals in the form of nucleon decay oscillation and monopoles. Four events are considered as candidates for nucleon decay, whereas one plausible event is recorded to correspond to oscillation. Using different methods the monopole flux is shown to be <10⁻¹⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹ for velocity range 10⁻³ c÷c. The angular distribution of cosmic-ray muons is used to derive an upper limit of 10⁻³ for the flux of prompt muons of energy up to a few hundred TeV in comparison to pions of same energy at production.

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Riassunto Si usano i dati dell'esperimento KGF alla profondità di 2.3 km sottoterra per ricercare segnali di GUT sotto forma di decadimento di nucleoni, oscillazioni e monopoli. Quattro eventi possono esser considerati come candidati per il decadimento di nucleoni, mentre si è registrato un evento che plausibilmente corrisponde all'oscillazione . Si mostra, con metodi diversi che il flusso di monopoli è <10⁻¹⁴ cm⁻¹ s⁻² sr⁻¹ nel-l'intervallo di velocità 10⁻³ c÷c. Si fa uso della distribuzione angolare dei muoni dei raggi cosmici per dedurre un limite superiore di 10⁻³ al flusso di muoni pronti di energia sino a qualche centinaio di TeV in rapporto ai pioni con la stessa energia di produzione.

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Резюме Данные, полученные в эксперименте Колар Голд Филдна глубине 2.3 км, анализируются с целью поиска эффектов, предсказываемых теориями Веяикого Обьединения: распада нуклона, осцилляций , магнитных монополей. 4 события могут рассматриваться как кандидаты на нуклонный распад, 1 событие-как кандидат на переход . С применением различных методов анализа показано, что поток монополей <10⁻¹⁴ см⁻² с⁻¹ стер⁻¹ для диапазона скоростей 10⁻³ с. Из углового распределения мюонов космических лучей получен верхний предел для потока мюонов непосредственной генерации с энергиями до нескольких сотен ТэВ. Этот поток не превышает 10⁻³ потока пионов с теми же начальными энергиями.

     

Structural and electrical properties of nickel–iron thin film on copper substrate for dynamic random access memory applications

Using pulse electrodeposition technique, nano crystalline NiFe films were deposited on conductive copper substrates, under galvanostatic mode in an ultrasonic field at different conditions such as pulse current magnitude, deposition time and ultrasonic bath temperature. As-prepared NiFe/Cu thin films were characterized for phase analysis, surface morphology, surface roughness and resistivity measurements. The results show that the use of ultrasonic bath at room temperature has reduced the surface roughness, resistivity, average grain size and crystallite size of NiFe/Cu thin films. The resistivity is reduced with increasing deposition current from 44.2 µΩ cm at 40 mA to 33.0 µΩ cm at 100 mA. On the other hand, a significant drop of the resistivity from 35.7 to 9.4 µΩ cm is observed if the deposition time was reduced from 5 to 3 min.