A Pregenerator for Burgers Equation¶Forced by Conservative Noise

We consider the stationarity of a Burgers equation with an external random force of gradient type in one space dimension. The expected stationary measure is the white noise measure on the space of tempered distributions. As a consequence, the nonlinearity of the formal equation u _t +λu u _x =νu _xx +η _x is ill-defined. Introducing a pregenerator we can formulate a generalized martingale problem leading to a meaningful version of the formal equation which was an open problem. Received: 9 March 2001 / Accepted: 10 October 2001     

Local adsorption sites and bondlength changes in Ni(1 0 0)/H/CO and Ni(1 0 0)/CO

The local adsorption geometry of CO adsorbed in different states on Ni(1 0 0) and on Ni(1 0 0) precovered with atomic hydrogen has been determined by C 1s (and O 1s) scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction, using the photoelectron binding energy changes to characterise the different states. The results confirm previous spectroscopic assignments of local atop and bridge sites both with and without coadsorbed hydrogen. The measured Ni–C bondlengths for the Ni(1 0 0)/CO states show an increase of 0.16 ± 0.04 Å in going from atop to bridge sites, while comparison with similar results for Ni(1 1 1)/CO for threefold coordinated adsorption sites show a further lengthening of the bond by 0.05 ± 0.04 Å. These changes in the Ni–CO chemisorption bondlength with bond order (for approximately constant adsorption energy) are consistent with the standard Pauling rules. However, comparison of CO adsorbed in the atop geometry with and without coadsorbed hydrogen shows that the coadsorption increases the Ni–C bondlength by only 0.06 ± 0.04 Å, despite the decrease in adsorption energy of a factor of 2 or more. This result is also reproduced by density functional theory slab calculations. The results of both the experiments and the density functional theory calculations show that CO adsorption onto the Ni(1 0 0)/H surface is accompanied by significant structural modification; the low desorption energy may then be attributed to the energy cost of this restructuring rather than weak local bonding.     

Heavy element research at GSI — Recent results and perspectives

The nuclear shell model predicts that the next doubly magic shellclosure beyond ²⁰⁸Pb is at a proton number between Z=114 and 126 and at a neutron number N=184. The outstanding aim of experimental investigations is the exploration of this region of spherical ‘Superheavy Elements’. This article describes the experiments that were performed recently at the GSI SHIP. They resulted in an unambiguous identification of elements 110 to 112. They were negative so far in searching for elements 113, 116, and 118. The measured decay data are compared with theoretical predictions. Some aspects concerning the reaction mechanism are also presented.     

Two- and three-dimensional analysis of bose-einstein correlations inπ +/K+p interactions at 250 GeV/c

The NA22 data onπ ^? π ^? correlations are analyzed in terms of a number of two- and three-dimensional parametrizations (Gaussian space-time, Goldhaber, Bowler string-like, Bertsch hydrodynamical, Kopylov-Podgoretskii, etc.). Contrary to the results obtained for e⁺e^? andµp collisions, the Goldhaber parametrization, as well as string-like models, fail in describing the hadron-hadron data. Better fits are obtained in the framework of surface-emitting fireball-like models, both when including and excluding hydrodynamical expansion of nuclear matter. Our results indicate that pion radiation occurs at earlier stages of matter evolution than in nuclear collisions.     

Inclusive production of vector mesons in π+ p interactions at 250 GeV/c

We report on a study of ρ⁰, ρ⁺, ω, \(\bar K^{*0} (892)\) andK ^*0 (892) inclusive production in π⁺ p interactions at 250 GeV/c, for ρ⁺, \(\bar K^{*0} (892)\) for the first time in a π⁺ p experiment. The data are compared withK ⁺ p data in the same experiment, with results of other experiments and with quark-parton models. Interesting differences are found between ρ^+,0 and ω production.     

Phase space dependence of the multiplicity distribution in π+ andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c

The charged particle multiplicity distribution has been studied for non-single-diffractive π⁺ p andpp collisions at \(\sqrt s = 22\) GeV, for full phase space as well as for intervals in rapidity, azimuthal angle and transverse momentum. In general, the multiplicity distribution is well described by a negative binomial. From comparison of the distribution for negative or positive particles to that of all charged particles, cascading is favoured as an interpretation over stimulated emission. Interesting consequences follow from a comparison of our results to those at collider energies and toe ⁺ e ^? data at comparable energy. Furthermore, evidence is given that the multiplicity distribution is not exactly of negative binomial type in every (connected or disconnected) phase space region.     

Multiplicity distributions at 250 GeV/c,a comparison of fits

The multiplicity distribution of all charged particles, as well as that of negatives and positives taken separately have been fitted by a number of recently proposed parametrizations. The negative binomial (2 parameters) and Laguerre distribution (3 parameters), in general, give good and very similar fits, but one of the parameters of the Laguerre distribution remains undetermined by the fit. The Krasznovszky-Wagner distribution (3 parameters) is better than the two first ones for full phase space, but slightly worse in intermediate rapidity intervals. Its disadvantage is the behaviour atn=0. The Branching distribution does not fit at an energy of \(\sqrt s = 22\) GeV.     

Forward-backward multiplicity correlations in σ+ p,K + p andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c

Forward-backward multiplicity correlations in σ⁺,K ⁺ p andpp collisions at 250 GeV/c ( \(\sqrt s \) =22 GeV) are given for all charges and for the different charge combinations. The correlations are found to be caused predominantly by centrally produced particles. It is demonstrated that this result is an agreement with observations at the ISR and the CERNp \(\bar p\) -Collider. The results are compared to expectations from LUND, DPM and FRITIOF Monte Carlo models and a geometrical picture relating correlations in hadron-hadron collisions toe ⁺ e ^? data in terms of impact parameters is tested.     

Dispersive anisotropic ballistic phonon propagation in [100] GaAs

We report experimental observations of the phonon focusing pattern in [100] GaAs using low temperature electron beam scanning for phonon generation. The typical dispersive effects for high-frequency phonons expected from the calculations by Tamura have clearly been observed using PbIn tunnel junctions for phonon detection. The quantitative comparison of our experimental results with the frequency dependent calculations by Tamura allowed to determine the dominant phonon frequencies contributing to the detector signal in our different experiments. Above the temperature of the -point the dominant phonon frequencies appear to be shifted considerably to lower values, which could be explained by a heating effect in the liquid-He layer adjacent to the tunnel junction detector. By comparing the observed magnitude of the detector signal with different theoretical treatments of the detector response, we have found satisfactory agreement for a model where the perturbation due to the high-frequency phonons is restricted to the base electrode of the detector reached first by the phonons following their passage through the crystal.