Airline efficiency differences between Europe and the US: Implications for the pace of EC integration and domestic regulation

In this paper we examine the performance of the eight largest European and the eight largest American airlines during the period 1976–1986. During this period the American industry was deregulated and the European industry's competitive posture was significantly liberalized. Two alternative methodologies for identifying productive efficiency are used - a parametric one using statistical estimation and a nonparametric one using linear programming. We find that were European carriers under deregulation to be as productively efficient as their American counterparts, the European industry would save approximately $4 billion per year (in 1986 dollars).     

A four component picture for jet induced correlations in heavy ion collisions?

These proceedings review recent results from two and three particle correlations in heavy ion collisions. In particular we discuss the modified structure of the away side jet correlations. Under the assumption that the away side can be decomposed into a punch through component at Δ φ=π and a shoulder component with a peak displaced from π many similar properties are observed between the ridge and shoulder. The particle ratios, yields and p _T spectra are in near agreement. We also highlight important future measurements, including investigating if the decomposition of the away side jet correlations remains reasonable with high p _T triggers and technical improvements to the extraction of jet induced correlations.     

An efficient synthesis of a potent PPARpan agonist

An efficient synthesis of 2-{4-[({4-{[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl}-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-thiazol-5-yl}methyl)thio]phenoxy}-2-methylpropanoic acid (1), a potent PPARpan agonist, is described. The seven-step synthesis, which afforded 1 in 30% overall yield, includes a highly regioselective carbon-sulfur bond formation via coupling of a bishydroxymethylthiazole (3) with 4-hydroxythiophenol, displacement of the remaining alcohol through a three-step telescoped sequence involving an efficient cleavage of an aryl mesylate, and an efficient and practical method of introducing an isobutyric acid fragment.     

Summation methods of Coulomb interactions in computer simulations of a system with one—dimensional periodic boundary conditions

The Ewald-type method, its modified version and the Lekner-type method for summing Coulomb interactions in a system periodic along one direction are presented and compared. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, and the methods are tested in molecular dynamics simulations of acetone molecules confined to cylindrical silica pores.     

Electrostatic interactions in molecular dynamics simulation of a three-dimensional system with periodicity in one direction

The Mellin transform and Poisson summation formula are used to derive an expression for the Coulomb interaction energy of a three-dimensional system with periodicity in one direction. Initially, calculations are performed for interactions characterized by any inverse power and, using the analytical continuation of the energy function, one obtains the final expression for the interaction energy of charges. We consider also a special case when two different charges are located on a line parallel to the periodicity direction. The energy and force expressions are identical to those obtained from the Lekner summation which is simply a sum over reciprocal lattice terms. The convergence behaviour of the Lekner summation is compared with that based on the Ewald type approach.