Chimie des complexes de metaux de transition avec des hydrocarbures cyanes : III. Quelques observations sur la conformation et la reactivite de complexes dicyclopentadienyles du molybdene et du tungstene

A new class of cyclic telluronium salts has been prepared. All the salts are stable in solution in CHCl₃ or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Conductivity measurements in DMSO and dimethylformamide (DMF) have shown that considerable ion pairing occurs in solution. Infrared, ¹H, ¹³C, ¹²⁵Te NMR, and mass spectra are reported and discussed.     

Di- and tri-alkylphosphine adducts of S-donor palladacycles as catalysts in the Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides

The reaction of tricyclohexylphosphine with the S-based palladacycle [(Pd(mu-OAc)(kappa2-S,C-C(6)H(4)CH(2)SMe))(2)] gives several products, regardless of stoichiometry, one of which, [Pd(kappa1-OAc)(eta1-C(6)H(4)CH(2)SMe)(PCy3)2], has been characterised crystallographically. Despite this, catalysts formed in situ from di- and tri-alkylphosphines and [(Pd(mu-OAc)(kappa2-S,C-C(6)H(4)CH(2)SMe))2] show excellent activity in the Suzuki coupling of a range of deactivated, non-activated and activated aryl chloride substrates.     

Evaluation of Ethanol Production from Corncob Using Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis CBS 6054 by Volumetric Scale-up

In scale-up, the potential of ethanol production by dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment using corncob was investigated. Pretreatments were performed at 170 °C with various acid concentrations ranging from 0% to 1.656% based on oven dry weight. Following pretreatment, pretreated biomass yield ranged from 59% to 67%. More than 90% of xylan was removed at 0.828% of sulfuric acid. At same pretreatment condition, the highest glucose yield obtained from pretreated biomass by enzymatic hydrolysis was about 76%, based on a glucan content of 37/100 g. In hydrolysate obtained by pretreatment, glucose concentration was low, while xylose concentration was significantly increased above 0.368% of sulfuric acid. At 1.656% of sulfuric acid, xylose and glucose concentration was highest. In subsequent, fermentation with hydrolysate, maximal ethanol yield was attained after 24 h with 0.368% of sulfuric acid. The fermentation efficiency of hydrolysate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis reached a maximum of 75% at an acid charge of 0.368%.     

Potential drugs and nondrugs: prediction and identification of important structural features

Using decision trees, a model to discriminate between potential drugs and nondrugs has been developed. Compounds from the Available Chemical Directory and the World Drug Index databases were used as training set; the molecular structures were represented using extended atom types. The error rate on an independent validation data set is 17.4%. The number of false negatives can be reduced by penalizing the misclassification of drugs so that 92 out of 100 potential drugs are correctly recognized. At the same time, 34 out of 100 nondrugs are classified as potential drugs. The predictions of the model can be used to guide the purchase or selection of compounds for biological screening or the design of combinatorial libraries. The visualization of the generated models in the form of colored trees allowed us to identify a few, surprisingly simple features that explain the most significant differences between drugs and nondrugs in the training set: Just by testing the presence of hydroxyl, tertiary or secondary amino, carboxyl, phenol, or enol groups, already three quarters of all drugs could be correctly recognized. The nondrugs, on the other hand, are characterized by their aromatic nature with a low content of functional groups besides halogens. The general applicability of the model is shown by the predictions made for several Organon databases.     

Integrated receiver architectures for board-to-board free-space optical interconnects

In many computer and server communications copper cables and wires are currently being used for data transmission and interconnects. However, due to significant shortcomings, such as long transmission time, high noise level, unstable electrical properties, and high power consumption for cooling, researchers are increasingly turning their research interests toward alternatives, such as fiber optic interconnects and free-space optical communication technologies. In this paper, we present design considerations for an integrated receiver for high-speed free-space line-of-sight optical interconnects for distortion-free data transmission in an environment with mechanical vibrations and air turbulences. The receiver consists of an array of high-speed photodiodes for data communication and an array of quadrant photodiodes for real-time beam tracking in order to compensate for the beam misalignment caused by vibrations in servers. Different configurations for spatially positioning the quadrant and data photodiodes are discussed for 4×4 and 9×9 multielement optical detector arrays. We also introduce a new beam tracking device, termed the strip quadrant photodiodes, in order to accurately track highly focused optical beams with very small beam diameter.     

Line-addressable digital-deflection programmable micromirror array

We report a novel digital-deflection programmable micromirror array driven by micromechanical digital-to-analog converters that eliminates the need for electrical digital-to-analog converters for analog displacement control, thus simplifying the driving circuitry and reducing the overall system cost. Furthermore, owing to the bistable and hysteretic characteristics of parallel-plate electrostatic actuators, an array of micromirrors can be controlled by means of row- and column-addressing lines, which drastically reduce the number of routing wires and allow array sizes to increase while they maintain high array quality.     

Polystyrene-supported dicyclohexylphenylphosphine adducts of amine- and phosphite-based palladacycles in the Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides

The polystyrene-immobilised palladacyclic complexes [Pd(TFA)(kappa2-N,C-C6H4CH2NMe2){P(C6H4-4-PS)Cy2}] and [PdCl(kappa2-P,C-{P(OC6H2-2,4-tBu2)(OC6H3-2,4-tBu2)2}{P(C6H4-4-PS)Cy2}](PS = polystyrene) and the homogeneous analogues [Pd(TFA)(kappa2-N,C-C6H4CH2NMe2)(PPhCy2)] and PdCl(kappa2-P,C-{P(OC6H2-2,4-tBu2)(OC6H3-2,4-tBu2)2}(PPhCy2)] were synthesised and characterised. The X-ray structure of one of the homogeneous analogues, [Pd(TFA)(kappa2-N,C-C6H4CH2NMe2)(PPhCy2)] was determined. All the complexes have been tested and show good activity in the Suzuki coupling of aryl chloride substrates. While the polystyrene-immobilised complexes are not recyclable, they are easily extracted and show low levels of palladium leaching.