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Rebecca L Brown 《Journal of sound and vibration》2003,262(3):591-611
Most structural dynamic systems are of high order; however, they often exhibit phenomena that can be dealt with effectively using low order models. This paper presents a method for describing certain kinds of damage evolution in mechanical systems. The method relies on a simple principle that as damage evolves in a structural dynamic system, the damage indicator (i.e., diagnostic feature) behaves like a stable quasi-stationary equilibrium point in a subsidiary non-linear bifurcating system within the so-called damage center manifold. It is shown that just as linear normal modes govern the behavior of linear structures with idealized damping, so too do non-linear normal forms govern the evolution of damage within structures in many instances. The method is justified with citations from the literature on certain types of mechanical failure and then applied in an experimental case involving reversible damage in a bolted fastener. Off-line experiments on a rotorcraft fuselage show that the evolution of damage is sensitive to both temporal and spatial bifurcation parameters. A diagnostic sensing strategy whereby output-only transmissibility features are used to decrease the order of high order structural dynamic measurements is also described. 相似文献
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Current reform documents in mathematics education recommend that teachers help students develop both conceptual and procedural understandings. However, teachers often do not possess the in-depth mathematical reasoning necessary to accomplish this goal. The purpose of this article is to provide one way in which preservice teachers can come to better understand the mathematics they will teach. 相似文献
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Stephen G. Davies Ian A. Hunter Rebecca L. Nicholson Paul.M. Roberts Edward D. Savory Andrew D. Smith 《Tetrahedron》2004,60(35):7553-7577
α-Dibenzylamino- and α-benzyloxy- derivatives of N-acetyl-(S)-4-benzyl-5,5-dimethyloxazolidin-2-one readily undergo highly stereoselective boron mediated syn-aldol reactions with a range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, generating the syn-aldol products in good to excellent yields as single diastereoisomers after purification. In the α-dibenzylamino series, deprotection of the functionalised aldol fragments to the corresponding α-amino-β-hydroxy methyl ester or α-amino-β-hydroxyaldehyde proved problematic, with a range of N- and O-protecting groups giving mixtures of products arising from endocyclic and exocyclic cleavage pathways. However, in the α-benzyloxy series, O-silyl protection of the aldol products, and subsequent DIBAL reduction gives stereoselectively the corresponding N-1′-hydroxyalkyloxazolidin-2-ones, which undergo base promoted fragmentation to the desired highly functionalised and differentially protected α,β-dihydroxyaldehydes in good yields and without loss of stereochemical integrity. 相似文献
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Sharon E. Davis A. Cameron Church Rebecca C. Tummons Charles F. Beam 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1997,34(4):1159-1162
C(α)-Carboxylic acid esters were treated with excess lithium diisopropylamide, condensed with methyl salicylates or methyl thiosalicylate, followed by acid cyclization to either 4-hydroxy-3-substituted, 2H-1-benzopyran-2-ones (coumarins), or 2H-1-benzothiopyran-2-ones (thiocoumarins). 相似文献
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Novel aliphatic polyesters with pendent acetylene groups were prepared by controlled ring-opening polymerization and subsequently used for grafting poly(ethylene glycol) and oligopeptide moieties by the Cu(I)-catalyzed addition of azides and alkynes, a type of "click" chemistry. These aliphatic polyesters possess an acetylene graft density that can be tailored by ring-opening copolymerization of alpha-propargyl-delta-valerolactone (1) with epsilon-caprolactone. Since the mild conditions associated with the click reaction are shown to be compatible with the polyester backbone, this method is a generally useful means for grafting numerous types of functionality onto aliphatic polyesters. The amphiphilic graft polyesters prepared in this study are shown to be biocompatible by in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation, suggesting their suitability for a range of biomaterial applications. 相似文献
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Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) and radical stabilization energies (RSEs) have been calculated for a series of models that represent a glycine-containing peptide-backbone. High-level methods that have been used include W1, CBS-QB3, U-CBS-QB3, and G3X(MP2)-RAD. Simpler methods used include MP2, B3-LYP, BMK, and MPWB1K in association with the 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis set. We find that the high-level methods produce BDEs and RSEs that are in good agreement with one another. Of the simpler methods, RBMK and RMPWB1K achieve good accuracy for BDEs and RSEs for all the species that were examined. For monosubstituted carbon-centered radicals, we find that the stabilizing effect (as measured by RSEs) of carbonyl substituents (CX=O) ranges from 24.7 to 36.9 kJ mol(-1), with the largest stabilization occurring for the CH=O group. Amino groups (NHY) also stabilize a monosubstituted alpha-carbon radical, with the calculated RSEs ranging from 44.5 to 49.5 kJ mol(-1), the largest stabilization occurring for the NH2 group. In combination, NHY and CX=O substituents on a disubstituted carbon-centered radical produce a large stabilizing effect ranging from 82.0 to 125.8 kJ mol(-1). This translates to a captodative (synergistic) stabilization of 12.8 to 39.4 kJ mol(-1). For monosubstituted nitrogen-centered radicals, we find that the stabilizing effect of methyl and related (CH2Z) substituents ranges from 25.9 to 31.7 kJ mol(-1), the largest stabilization occurring for the CH3 group. Carbonyl substituents (CX=O) destabilize a nitrogen-centered radical relative to the corresponding closed-shell molecule, with the calculated RSEs ranging from -30.8 to -22.3 kJ mol(-1), the largest destabilization occurring for the CH=O group. In combination, CH2Z and CX=O substituents at a nitrogen radical center produce a destabilizing effect ranging from -19.0 to -0.2 kJ mol(-1). This translates to an additional destabilization associated with disubstitution of -18.6 to -7.8 kJ mol(-1). 相似文献
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Antonio Alberola Rebecca J. Collis Robert J. Less Jeremy M. Rawson 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2007,692(13):2743-2749
A general three-step synthesis to a range of benzo-fused-1,3,2-dithiazolylium salts bearing both electron-withdrawing (CN) and electron-donating (Me) groups is described. This methodology has also been extended to pyridyl derivatives and offers a potential route to a diversity of 1,3,2-dithiazolylium rings and their corresponding 1,3,2-dithiazolyl free radicals. The key steps in the reaction are treatment of a substituted 1,2,-dichlorobenzene with two equivalents of [tBuS]Na, followed by chlorination to yield the corresponding bis(sulfenyl chloride). Subsequent ring closure with Me3SiN3 yields the target 1,3,2-dithiazolylium ring system in good yield. The preparation and crystal structures of 3′-methyl-benzo-1,3,2-dithiazolylium chloride and 3′-methyl-benzo-1,3,2-dithiazolyl are described and the electronic properties of the radical examined through EPR spectroscopy, DFT calculations and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. 相似文献