Electrochemical reduction of monothiobenzils in the presence of aroyl chlorides. First synthesis of (Z)-α-benzoyloxy-β-benzoylthiostilbenes

The first method for the synthesis of the title compounds has been established involving a stereoselective electrochemical diacylation process. The cathodic reductions of monothiobenzils in an aprotic medium, under constant potential, in the presence of twofold molecular amounts of aroyl chlorides provide previously unknown (Z)-α-benzoyloxy-β-benzoythiostilbenes in high to quantitative yields.     

A sequential injection system for the spectrophotometric determination of calcium, magnesium and alkalinity in water samples.

A sequential injection methodology for the spectrophotometric determination of calcium, magnesium and alkalinity in water samples is proposed. A single manifold is used for the determination of the three analytes, and the same protocol sequence allows the sequential determination of calcium and magnesium (the sum corresponds to the water hardness). The determination of both metals is based on their reaction with cresolphtalein complexone; mutual interference is minimized by using 8-hydroxyquinoline for the determination of calcium and ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for the determination of magnesium. Alkalinity determination is based on a reaction with acetic acid, and corresponding color change of Bromcresol Green. Working ranges of 0.5 - 5 mg dm(-3) for Ca, 0.5 - 10 mg dm(-3) for Mg, and 10 - 100 mg HCO3- dm(-3), for alkalinity have been achieved. The results for water samples were comparable to those of the reference methods and to a certified reference water sample. RSDs lower than 5% were obtained, a low reagent consumption and a reduced volume of effluent have been accomplished. The determination rate for calcium and magnesium is 80 h(-1), corresponding to 40 h(-1) per element, while 65 determinations of alkalinity per hour could be carried out.     

Risk-neutral valuation with infinitely many trading dates

The first Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing establishes the equivalence between the absence of arbitrage in financial markets and the existence of Equivalent Martingale Measures, if appropriate conditions hold. Since the theorem may fail when dealing with infinitely many trading dates, this paper draws on the A.A. Lyapunov Theorem in order to retrieve the equivalence for complete markets such that the Sharpe Ratio is adequately bounded.     

Highly polarized dithiafulvenes: synthesis and nonlinear optical properties

Push-pull dithiafulvenes with reduced bond length alternation (BLA) and high optical nonlinearities have been prepared. The interplay between the proaromaticity of the donor and the structural and optical properties of these merocyanines is discussed. The donor ability of dithiafulvenes can reach that of ferrocene or dialkylaminophenyl groups.     

X-ray damage characterization in BaLiF3,KMgF3 and LiCaAlF6 complex fluorides

Two-inch sized KMgF₃,BaLiF₃ and LiCaAlF₆ (LiCAF) single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method under a CF₄ atmosphere. X-ray irradiation was used to carry out a comparative study of induced optical absorption phenomena and colour centre creation in the ultra-violet and visible spectral regions. The integral of the induced absorption spectra is significantly lower in LiCAF with respect to the other studied materials. It is found that the amplitude of the F-absorption band is suppressed more than a factor of 3 by Mg-doping. For Mg-doped crystals, the optimum doping concentration is about 0.2 mol% of Mg²⁺.     

Convex polytopes whose projection bodies and difference sets are polars

In a paper by the author and B. Weissbach it was proved that the projection body and the difference set of ad-simplex (d≥2) are polars. Obviously, ford=2 a convex domain has this property if and only if its difference set is bounded by a so-called Radon curve. A natural question emerges about further classes of convex bodies inR ^d (d≥3) inducing the mentioned polarity. The aim of this paper is to show that a convexd-polytope (d≥3) is a simplex if and only if its projection body and its difference set are polars.     

Experimental high-gain quantum-injected optical parametric amplification and multiphoton phase-covariant cloning

We investigate multiphoton states generated by high-gain optical parametric amplification of a single injected photon—polarization encoded as a qubit. The experimental configuration exploits the optimal phase-covariant cloning. The output state of the apparatus is found to exhibit the quantum superposition property of mesoscopic multiphoton assemblies involving about 300 photons. This work represents an experimental advance toward the test of several fundamental quantum processes in mesoscopic or macroscopic frameworks.     

Effect of excess halide on the palladium‐catalyzed insertion‐triggered radical copolymerization of methyl acrylate and 1‐hexene

[Pd₂(μ‐Cl)₂(C₆F₅)₂(tht)₂] ( 1 ) is a very efficient initiator of the radical polymerization of methyl acrylate, but it is not active in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate or in the copolymerization with 1‐hexene. The addition of an excess of NBu₄Cl to solutions of [Pd₂(μ‐Cl)₂(C₆F₅)₂(tht)₂] ( 1 ) provides an initiator system that copolymerizes methyl acrylate and 1‐hexene by an insertion‐triggered radical mechanism. Random copolymers are obtained with 11% incorporation of 1‐hexene in moderate yields (about 35%). Studies of the decomposition products obtained after the first insertion of methyl acrylate in the Pd? C₆F₅ bond of 1 show that the addition of excess halide in the presence of monomer favors the homolytic cleavage of the Pd? C bond, and the generation of the radicals that are active species in the polymerization, versus alternative evolution pathways. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5682–5691, 2006     

Inductively coupled plasma compared with direct current arc spectrometry for analysis of minor elements in aluminium baths

A validation study was carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for the analysis of minor elements (manganese, chromium, copper, iron, and titanium) in aluminium alloys. Aluminium casting samples were obtained by adding compressed powder compacts of each alloying element and aluminium (minitablets) to aluminum baths in a laboratory crucible furnace. Digestion of solid samples was performed using concentrated HCI and H202 35% (v/v) previous to analysis by ICP-OES without any matrix separation. This solution-based method was validated considering direct current arc spectrometry as the reference method based on direct analysis without any pretreatment of the solid samples considered. Univariate statistical procedures were carried out, for which precision <3% and trueness of the analytical results were taken into account.