Synthesis,Characterization, Biological Evaluation,and In Silico Studies of Imidazolium-, Pyridinium-, and Ammonium-Based Ionic Liquids Containing n-Butyl Side Chains

Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as active pharmaceutical ingredients because of their excellent antibacterial and biological activities. Herein, we used the green-chemistry-synthesis procedure, also known as the metathesis method, to develop three series of ionic liquids using 1-methyl-3-butyl imidazolium, butyl pyridinium, and diethyldibutylammonium as cations, and bromide (Br⁻), methanesulfonate (CH₃SO₃⁻), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf₂⁻), dichloroacetate (CHCl₂CO₂⁻), tetrafluoroborate (BF₄⁻), and hydrogen sulfate (HSO₄⁻) as anions. Spectroscopic methods were used to validate the structures of the lab-synthesized ILs. We performed an agar well diffusion assay by using pathogenic bacteria that cause various infections (Escherichia coli; Enterobacter aerogenes; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Proteus vulgaris; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes) to scrutinize the in vitro antibacterial activity of the ILs. It was established that the nature and unique combination of the cations and anions were responsible for the antibacterial activity of the ILs. Among the tested ionic liquids, the imidazolium cation and NTf₂⁻ and HSO₄⁻ anions exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. The antibacterial potential was further investigated by in silico studies, and it was observed that bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf₂⁻) containing imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids showed the maximum inhibition against the targeted bacterial strains and could be utilized in antibiotics. These antibacterial activities float the ILs as a promising alternative to the existing antibiotics and antiseptics.     

Recent Updates on the Functional Impact of Kahweol and Cafestol on Cancer

Kahweol and cafestol are two diterpenes extracted from Coffea arabica beans that have distinct biological activities. Recent research describes their potential activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties, among others. The two diterpenes have been shown to have anticancer effects in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. This review aims to shed light on the recent developments regarding the potential effects of kahweol and cafestol on various cancers. A systematic literature search through Google Scholar and PubMed was performed between February and May 2022 to collect updates about the potential effects of cafestol and kahweol on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models. The search terms “Kahweol and Cancer” and “Cafestol and Cancer” were used in this literature review as keywords; the findings demonstrated that kahweol and cafestol exhibit diverse effects on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models, showing pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory properties. In conclusion, the diterpenes kahweol and cafestol display significant anticancer effects, while remarkably unaffecting normal cells. Our results show that both kahweol and cafestol exert their actions on various cancers via inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth. Additionally, kahweol acts by inhibiting cell migration.     

Papain Loaded Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Nanoparticles<Emphasis Type="Italic">: In-silico and</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">In-Vitro</Emphasis> Studies

Papain is a protease enzyme with therapeutic properties that are very valuable for medical applications. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is an ideal polymeric carrier for controlled drug delivery systems due to its low biodegradability and its high biocompatibility. In this study, the three-dimensional structure and action mechanism of papain were investigated by in vitro and in silico experiments using molecular dynamics (MD) and molecular docking methods to elucidate biological functions. The results showed that the size of papain-loaded PCL nanoparticles (NPs) and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the NPs were 242.9 nm and 0.074, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were 80.4 and 27.2%, respectively. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) were used for determining the cytotoxicity of papain-loaded PCL and PCL nanoparticles. The in vitro cell culture showed that nanoparticles are not toxic at low concentrations, while toxicity slightly increases at high concentrations. In silico studies, which were carried out with MD simulations and ADME analysis showed that the strong hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the papain provide stability and indicate the regions in which the interactions occur.     

[bmIm]OH: an efficient basic catalyst for the synthesis of 4H-benzo[d][1,3-]oxazin-4-one derivatives in solvent-free conditions

Reusable [bmIm]OH was found to be a highly efficient renewable homogenous catalyst for the rapid and convenient synthesis of benzoxazine-4-one derivatives from o-iodobenzoic-acid and benzonitrile at 75 °C in moderate to good yields. This methodology provides a facile and straightforward path to construct other related heterocycles in an eco-compatible fashion.     

Dose response of hydrazine – Deproteinated tooth enamel under blue light stimulation

The beta dose response and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) signal stability characteristics of human tooth enamel deproteinated by hydrazine reagent under blue photon stimulation are reported. Removal of the protein organic component of tooth enamel resulted in a higher OSL sensitivity and slower fading of OSL signals. The effect of chemical sample preparation on the enamel sample sensitivity is discussed and further steps to make this deproteinization treatment suitable for in vitro dose reconstruction studies are suggested.     

Flow-injection determination of total iron in freshwater samples with neutralisation chemiluminescence

A flow-injection chemiluminescence method has been established for the determination of total iron in freshwater samples. The enhanced chemiluminescence emission was caused by the iron(II) from the neutralisation reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide without the use of any chemiluminescent reagent. The calibration graph was linear in the concentration range of 2.8–560 µg L^?1 (r ² = 0.9983, n = 8), with relative standard deviation (RSD; n = 4) in the range of 0.8–2.6%. The limit of detection (S/N = 3) was 0.56 µg L^?1 with injection throughput of 180 h^?1. The effect of common anions and cations were studied over their environmentally relevant concentrations in freshwaters. The method was successfully applied to determine total iron in freshwater samples. Iron(III) was reduced to iron(II) by using hydroxylammonium chloride. The proposed method was compared with spectrophotometric method and there was no significant difference between the two methods at the 95% confidence level (t-test). Analysis of river water (certified reference material SLRS-4) for iron(II), after reduction of iron(III) with hydroxylammonium chloride, gave good results (2.17 ± 0.22 µM compared with the certificate value of 1.85 ± 0.1 µM).     

Determination of phosphate in freshwater samples by flow-injection with lucigenin chemiluminescence

Lucigenin chemiluminescence (CL) in conjunction with flow-injection analysis (FIA) is used for the determination of phosphate in freshwater samples. The procedure is based on the formation of molybdophosphoric heteropoly acid (MoP–HPA) by the reaction of phosphate and ammonium molybdate under acidic conditions. CL emission was observed as a result of oxidation of lucigenin in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of MoP–HPA. Calibration was linear up to 500?µg?L^?1 (r ^2?=?0.9998; n?=?8), with a detection limit (S/N?=?3) of 0.95?µg?L^?1. An injection throughput of 120 h^?1, and relative standard deviation (RSD; n?=?4) of 1.3–3.2% were achieved in the concentration range studied. An on-line chelating column was used to remove interfering cations. The method was applied to freshwater samples, and the results (51?±?1.0 – 107?±?2.0?µg?L^?1) did not differ significantly from results obtained using a spectrophotometric method (52.5?±?1.0 – 102?±?2.0?µg?L^?1) at 95% confidence level (t-test).     

Synthesis,characterisation and ion exchange properties of hybrid organic–inorganic composite material: polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate

ABSTRACT

Contamination of groundwater by heavy metal is one of the most emerging and serious environmental problems. There are so many methods which are available to overcome these problems. Among various available methods, hybrid organic–inorganic ion exchange resin has become more popular due to certain advantages over other available conventional methods; hence, in the present proposed work, we synthesised a hybrid organic–inorganic composite material polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate by using the sol-gel technique. Synthesised resin was characterised by various methods like Infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis-Differential thermal analysis. Various samples of this ion exchange resin are prepared by changing the condition of synthesis, i.e. concentration of acrylamide to rationalise the ion exchange capacity of the synthesise hybrid organic–inorganic ion exchange resins. A mixture of 0.1 M potassium iodate, 0.1 M sulphosalicylic acid and 0.1 M acrylamide was added dropwise to 0.4 M zirconium oxychloride accompanied by constant stirring for 8 h using magnetic stirrer at 70°C to yield polyacrylamide zirconium (IV) iodosulphosalicylate with maximum ion exchange capacity. Ion exchange capacity of synthesised resin was determined by column method and the maximum ion exchange capacity was found for Pb(II). Determination of k_d values shows that the resin was highly selective for Pb (II).The selectivity for Pb was also evaluated by using certain binary mixture separation such as Ni (II)-Pb(II), Cu(II)-Pb(II), Cd(II)-Pb(II), Sr(II)-Pb(II), Ba(II)-Pb(II),Zn(II)-Pb(II) and Mg(II)-Pb(II).     

Determination of carbaryl by flow injection with luminol chemiluminescence inhibition detection

A flow-injection procedure is described for the determination of carbaryl based on its inhibition effect on luminol-cobalt(II) chemiluminescence reaction in alkaline medium in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The calibration data over the range 5.0?×?10^?7 to 20?×?10^?6?M give a correlation coefficient (r ²) of 0.9972 with relative standard deviations (RSD; n?=?4) in the range of 1.0–2.1% with a limit of detection (3?×?blank noise) of 2.37?×?10^?7?M for carbaryl. The sample throughput was 120?h^?1. The effects of some carbamates, anions, and cations were studied on luminol CL system for carbaryl determination. The proposed method has been applied to determine carbaryl in natural waters.