Influence of nonionic emulsifier included inside carboxylated polymer particles on the formation of multihollow structure by the alkali/cooling method

The influence of nonionic emulsifier, included inside styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer [P(S-MAA)] particles during emulsion copolymerization, on the formation of multihollow structure inside the particles via the alkali/cooling method (proposed by the authors) was examined in comparison to emulsifier-free particles. It was clarified that the nonionic emulsifier included inside the P(S-MAA) particles eased the formation of multihollow structure.Part CCL of the series studies on suspension and emulsion     

Analysis of organotin compounds by grignard derivatization and gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

The determination of organotin compounds in water using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) is described. Several organotin derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of organotin chlorides with Grignard reagents such as methyl-, propyl- and pentylmagnesium halides. After the optimization of the GC-MS-MS conditions, several derivatizations with the Grignard reagents were compared by evaluating the molar responses and volatilities of the derivatives and derivatization yields. As a result, the derivatizing reagent of choice is pentylmagnesium bromide. Calibration curves for the mono-, di- and tributyltins and mono-, di- and triphenyltins with pentylmagnesium bromide were linear in the range of 0.5-100 pg of Sn. The instrumental detection limits of six organotins ranged from 0.20 to 0.35 pg of Sn. The recovery tests from water samples (500 ml) were performed by using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) as a complexing reagent. Except for monophenyltin, the absolute recoveries of organotins from pure water at 200 ng of Sn/l were satisfactory. The recoveries calibrated by surrogate compounds (perdeuterated organotin chlorides) ranged from 71 to 109%. The method detection limits ranged from 0.26 to 0.84 pg of Sn (500-ml sample). This method was applied to the recovery of organotins from river water and seawater. The calibrated recoveries were between 90 and 122%.     

Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by [PMO12O40]3-[C5H5N+(CH2)15CH3]3

Applicatims a Mo- and W-based heteropoly acids (HPA) as a catalyst in the oxidation of olefins have extensively been investigated¹. However, a patent work is only attempted concerning the evoxidatim of olefins with H₂0₂ by HPA²⁾ since the oxirane ring is cleaved because of a strong acidity of HPA itself. Herein, an effective epoxidatim of some allylic alcohols with H₂0₂ by a new Mo-species (MPCP), which was prepared from 12-molybdatophosphoric acid (H₃PMo₁₂0₄₀) and cetylpyridinium chloride (C₅H₅N (CH₂), ₁₅CH₃- C1^-) under two-phase conditions using chloroform as an organic solvent, is described.     

Comment on application of statistical multi-step direct emission theory to a neutron-emitting reaction

The statistical multi-step direct emission theory formulated by Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin (FKK) was applied to the analysis of 14 MeV (n, n') scattering on ⁹³Nb and Ag. It is concluded that the FKK theory as it stands disagrees with experimental data, because of anomalously large multi-step cross sections due to the resonance-like behaviour of non-DWBA matrix elements which are entered in the calculation.     

Three-dimensional polarimetric integral imaging

A three-dimensional (3D) polarimetric image sensing and display technique based on integral imaging is proposed. Three-dimensional polarization distribution of reflected light from a 3D object can be measured as elemental image arrays by a rotating linear polarizer. After the measurement of the polarization of the 3D object, the 3D polarimetric object can be reconstructed optically by displaying the polarization-selected elemental images in spatial light modulators with two quarter-wave plates. Experimental demonstration of 3D polarimetric imaging of a 3D object attached to two orthogonal linear polarizers is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on 3D polarimetric sensing imaging and 3D optical reconstruction by integral imaging.     

Photorefractive effect in the relaxor ferroelectric material 0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.09PbTiO3

The photorefractive effect in a nominally undoped 0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.09PbTiO3 single crystal is measured. We report what is, to our knowledge, the first observation of the photorefractive effect in Pb-based relaxor ferroelectric crystals. The crystal is grown by the flux solution method. Then it is cut into a 2 mm x 4 mm x 8 mm piece and electrically poled along the [111] direction. The coupling constant of the two-wave mixing is 17 cm(-1), and the normalized time constant under 1-W/cm(2) illumination is 12 s at a wave-length of 476 nm. The effective trap density is calculated as 5 x 10(16) cm(-3) from the Debye screening length under the assumption of Kukhtarev's band-transport model. The dominant carrier is identified to be holes from the direction of two-wave mixing energy transfer.     

Discussion of substantially identical gel points among multiallyl monomers based on characterization of resultant network polymer precursors consisting of oligomeric primary polymer chains

No difference in the actual gel points was substantially observed among three isomeric diallyl phthalates such as diallyl phthalate (DAP), diallyl isophthalate, and diallyl terephthalate (DAT); this interesting gelation behavior was discussed further in terms of the correlation between gelation and the difference in cyclization modes, and also, the difference in reactivity between the uncyclized and cyclized radicals for cross‐linking. In the present work, we tried to extend the preceding discussion to the polymerization of triallyl trimellitate (TAT) because the molecular structure of TAT is presumed to essentially involve the characteristics of three isomeric diallyl phthalates and, therefore, the enhanced gelation was expected in TAT polymerization. However, no enhancement of gelation was observed. For a full understanding of the gelation in multiallyl cross‐linking polymerization, we explored further the polymerizations of DAP, DAT, and TAT, especially focusing on the characterization of resultant network polymer precursors (NPPs) using SEC‐MALLS‐viscometry providing the correlation of [η] versus M_w of fractionated samples. Notably, the structure of NPP consisting of oligomeric primary polymer chains generated from specific allyl polymerization would become core‐shell type dendritic with the progress of polymerization. The correlation between delayed gelation and decreased reactivity of dendritic NPP for intermolecular cross‐linking is discussed. Conclusively, the reactivity for intermolecular cross‐linking between NPPs decreased with the progress of polymerization leading to a delayed gelation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2871–2881, 2009     

Single-shot polarization-imaging digital holography based on simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry

We propose single-shot digital holography which is capable of simultaneously capturing both the information of multiple phase-shifted holograms and the distribution of the polarization. In this technique, a single image sensor records both the information required for phase-shifting interferometry and that of the polarization states of objects using an array of polarizers. The essence of the technique is the capability of imaging the distribution of the polarization of three-dimensional objects with a single-shot exposure by using the space-division multiplexing of holograms. The validity of the proposed technique was confirmed by the preliminary experiments.     

InGaAsP multiple quantum well edge-emitting light-emitting diode showing low coherence characteristics using selective-area metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Low coherence multiple-quantum well edge-emitting light-emitting diodes were obtained using selective-area metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth, which utilized growth rate enhancement on an open stripe region between mask stripes. An optical absorption region, which was controlled by selective-area growth, was introduced to suppress optical feedback. At a driving current of 100 mA and an ambient temperature of 25°C, a power of 55 μW was coupled into a single-mode fiber, and a broad spectrum without spectral ripple was observed. Low coherence characteristics and very small temperature dependence were obtained in the temperature range from -40°C to 85°C. The modulation bandwidth was 210 MHz at a bias current of 100 mA.